Driving Determinants Influencing Mortality of Goats in the Tropics: Challenges for Sustainable Livestock Development


Year : 2025 | Volume : 14 | 02 | Page : –
    By

    Md. Emran Hossain,

  • Shilpi Islam,

  1. Professor, Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram-4225, , Bangladesh
  2. Professor, Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur-1706, , Bangladesh

Abstract

document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_abs_176061’);});Edit Abstract & Keyword

Goat mortality in the tropics is driven by multifactorial determinants that pose critical challenges to sustainable livestock development. Key contributors include infectious diseases such as peste des petits ruminants, goat pox, enterotoxemia, and haemonchosis, which remain prevalent due to limited vaccination coverage and inadequate biosecurity measures. Bacterial infections like pneumonia and caseous lymphadenitis, along with parasitic infestations such as coccidiosis and liver fluke, significantly reduce goat survival rates, especially in poorly managed herds. Environmental stressors, including heat stress, drought, and flooding, exacerbate these challenges by reducing feed and water availability, increasing vulnerability to disease outbreaks. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in protein, energy, and essential minerals, further compromise immune function, predisposing goats to higher mortality risks. Poor management practices, such as overcrowding, inadequate housing, and unhygienic conditions, amplify these issues, especially in regions with limited veterinary and extension services. Together, these determinants disrupt herd productivity, compromise economic viability, and threaten food security, highlighting the complex interplay of biological, environmental, and management factors. Addressing goat mortality in the tropics requires a detailed understanding of these driving determinants to inform future research and policy, ultimately overcoming the barriers to sustainable livestock development in resource-constrained tropical systems.

Keywords: Biosecurity, diseases, drought, goat mortality, heat stress, livestock development, nutrition, parasites, sustainability, tropics

How to cite this article:
Md. Emran Hossain, Shilpi Islam. Driving Determinants Influencing Mortality of Goats in the Tropics: Challenges for Sustainable Livestock Development. Research and Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science and Technology. 2025; 14(02):-.
How to cite this URL:
Md. Emran Hossain, Shilpi Islam. Driving Determinants Influencing Mortality of Goats in the Tropics: Challenges for Sustainable Livestock Development. Research and Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science and Technology. 2025; 14(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjodst/article=2025/view=0


document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_ref_176061’);});Edit

References

  1. Gazzaly, M. Thariq, and P. Dayananthan, “Factors Associated with Morbidity and Mortality of Goat in Extensive and Semi- Intensive Farming Systems in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka,” vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 369–376, 2024.
  2. Ershaduzzaman, M. M. Rahman, B. K. Roy, and S. A. Chowdhury, “Studies on the diseases and mortality pattern of goats under farm conditions and some factors affecting mortality and survival rates in Black Bengal kids,” Bangladesh J. Vet. Med., pp. 71–76, 2007.
  3. Kusiluka and D. Kambarage, “Diseases of small ruminants,” Econ. Anim. Heal. Prod., pp. 243–247, 2008, doi: 10.1079/9781845931940.0243.
  4. A. Siddiky, “Sustainable goat farming for livelihood improvement in South Asia,” SAARC Agric. Centre, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh, p. 190, 2017.
  5. A. M. A. Teixeira, C. J. Härter, J. A. C. Vargas, A. P. Souza, and M. H. M. R. Fernandes, “Review: Update of nutritional requirements of goats for growth and pregnancy in hot environments,” Animal, vol. 18, p. 101219, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101219.
  6. A. Leng, “Factors affecting the utilization of ‘poor-quality’forages by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions,” Nutr. Res. Rev., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 277–303, 1990.
  7. Sahoo and S. Karim, “Sheep and goat nutrition: Newer concepts and emerging challenges,” Indian J. Small Ruminants, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 18–28, 2010.
  8. A. Abbasi, M. A. Vighio, S. A. Soomro, A. B. Kachiwal, J. A. Gadahi, and G. L. Wang, “Effect of different dietary energy levels on the growth performance of kamori goat kids,” Int. J. Agro Vet. Med. Sci, vol. 6, pp. 473–479, 2012.
  9. A. Abd Eldaim, K. M. Gaafar, R. A. Darwish, H. D. Mahboub, and M. A. Helal, “Prepartum vitamin A supplementation enhances goat doe health status and kid viability and performance,” Small Rumin. Res., vol. 129, pp. 6–10, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.06.007.
  10. S. Green and A. J. Fascetti, “Meeting the Vitamin A Requirement: The Efficacy and Importance of β -Carotene in Animal Species,” Sci. World J., vol. 2016, no. 1, p. 7393620, 2016, doi: 10.1155/2016/7393620.
  11. E. G. Hefnawy and J. L. Tórtora-Pérez, “The importance of selenium and the effects of its deficiency in animal health,” Small Rumin. Res., vol. 89, no. 2–3, pp. 185–192, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.12.042.
  12. Maji, S. Biswas, and J. Kaur, “Nutritional Deficiency Diseases in Goats,” Princ. Goat Dis. Prev., pp. 221–236, 2023, doi: 10.1002/9781119896142.ch17.
  13. Sarma and R. Nath, “Studies on rumen acidosis in goat and efficacy of treatment.,” 2005.
  14. Giger-Reverdin, “Recent advances in the understanding of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in goats, with focus on the link to feeding behaviour,” Small Rumin. Res., vol. 163, pp. 24–28, 2018.
  15. F. Dida, “Strategies for goat feeding and management during drought,” in Goat Science-Environment, Health and Economy, IntechOpen, 2021.
  16. Jaber, M. Chedid, and S. Hamadeh, “Water stress in small ruminants,” Responses Org. to water Stress, vol. 115, p. 149, 2013.
  17. R. McDowell and J. D. Arthington, “Minerals for grazing ruminants in tropical regions,” Univ. Florida IFAS, p. 90, 2005.
  18. F. W. Haenlein and R. G. Ramirez, “Potential mineral deficiencies on arid rangelands for small ruminants with special reference to Mexico,” Small Rumin. Res., vol. 68, no. 1–2, pp. 35–41, 2007.
  19. R. Tizard, “Sheep and goat vaccines,” Vaccines Vet., pp. 215-224.e1, 2021, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-68299-2.00026-5.
  20. A. Odetokun, A. A. Jimoh, O. A. Ahmed, D. Iliyasu, and S. Nuru, “General introduction to diseases, production, and management,” Trends Clin. Dis. Prod. Manag. Goats, pp. 3–18, 2024, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-443-23696-9.00020-1.
  21. I. El Sabry and O. Almasri, “Stocking density, ambient temperature, and group size affectsocial behavior, productivity and reproductivity of goats- A review,” Trop. Anim. Health Prod., vol. 55, no. 3, p. 181, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11250-023-03598-0.
  22. S. Minka, J. O. Ayo, A. K. B. Sackey, and A. B. Adelaiye, “Assessment and scoring of stresses imposed on goats during handling, loading, road transportation and unloading, and the effect of pretreatment with ascorbic acid,” Livest. Sci., vol. 125, no. 2–3, pp. 275–282, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.05.006.
  23. Ahmed, M. A. Hemayet, M. H. Rahman, M. M. H. Pasha, and N. Jahan, “An assessment on the impact of weaning stress on the weaning age in Black Bengal goat kids,” J. Adv. Biotechnol. Exp. Ther., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 472–481, 2024, doi: 10.5455/jabet.2024.d41.
  24. Alhaji Bukar and I. Musa Mabu, “Common Diseases of Goats, Treatment and Preventive measures,” in Goat Science – From Keeping to Precision Production, IntechOpen, 2023. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.1001377.
  25. H. Dogan and S. Demirci, “Livestock-handling related injuries and deaths,” Livest. Prod., vol. 1, pp. 81–116, 2012.
  26. Patt, L. Gygax, B. Wechsler, E. Hillmann, R. Palme, and N. M. Keil, “The introduction of individual goats into small established groups has serious negative effects on the introduced goat but not on resident goats,” Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., vol. 138, no. 1–2, pp. 47–59, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.012.
  27. Kannan, Z. M. Estrada-Reyes, P. Batchu, B. Kouakou, T. H. Terrill, and A. Naldurtiker, “Social isolation of goats: Significance of visual contact with conspecifics on behavioral and physiological responses,” J. Anim. Sci., vol. 99, no. 6, p. skab150, 2021, doi: 10.1093/jas/skab150.
  28. Purohit, “Dystocia in the sheep and goat – A review,” Indian J. Small Ruminants, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2006.
  29. Ali, Z. Zhao, G. Zhen, J. Z. Kang, and P. Z. Yi, “Reproductive problems in small ruminants (Sheep and goats): A substantial economic loss in the world,” Large Anim. Rev., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 215–223, 2019.
  30. S. Prajapati and P. M. Chauhan, “Perinatal diseases in goats,” Trends Clin. Dis. Prod. Manag. Goats, pp. 429–448, 2024, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-443-23697-6.00011-1.
  31. Das, A. Debbarma, D. K. Mandal, and S. Rai, “Strategies for reduction of kid mortality in goats,” Indian Farming, vol. 72, no. 6, 2022.
  32. Ellis, W. Robinson, and G. Wilcox, “Effect of colostrum deprivation of goat kids on the natural transmission of caprine retrovirus infection,” Aust. Vet. J., vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 326–329, 1983.
  33. K. Basrur, “Congenital abnormalities of the goat,” Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 183–202, 1993.
  34. Saxena, B. B. Singh, and H. M. Saxena, “Brucellosis in Sheep and Goats and its Serodiagnosis and Epidemiology,” Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1848–1877, 2018, doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.225.
  35. Bahiru et al., “A Retrospective Investigation of Abortion Storm in Abergele Goats, Waghimira Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia,” Scientifica (Cairo)., vol. 2024, no. 1, p. 5686443, 2024, doi: 10.1155/2024/5686443.
  36. da C. Gonzaga, J. R. J. Borges, T. S. Alves, D. E. R. de Sousa, M. B. de Castro, and A. C. L. Câmara, “Domestic dog attacks on livestock referred to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital,” Front. Vet. Sci., vol. 11, no. February, pp. 1–7, 2024, doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1342258.
  37. Rigg, Livestock guarding dogs: Their current use world wide, vol. 1, no. 1. Canid Specialist Group Oxford, UK, 2001.
  38. Khorozyan, M. Soofi, M. Soufi, A. K. Hamidi, A. Ghoddousi, and M. Waltert, “Effects of shepherds and dogs on livestock depredation by leopards (Panthera pardus) in north-eastern Iran,” PeerJ, vol. 2017, no. 2, pp. 1–18, 2017, doi: 10.7717/peerj.3049.
  39. M. Kissui, “Livestock predation by lions, leopards, spotted hyenas, and their vulnerability to retaliatory killing in the Maasai steppe, Tanzania,” Anim. Conserv., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 422–432, 2008.
  40. L. Grambo, Eagles. Voyageur Press, 1999.
  41. Cowie, “‘Down pythons’ throats we thrust live goats’: snakes, zoos and animal welfare in nineteenth-century Britain,” Br. J. Hist. Sci., pp. 1–20, 2024, doi: 10.1017/S0007087424000542.
  42. G. Fouepe Fongang, N. H. Tchuente Takam, A. H. Wouapi Napi, and F. Meutchieye, “Goat Farming and the Phenomenon of Theft in Menoua Division in the Western Region of Cameroon,” World J. Soc. Sci., vol. 7, no. 2, p. 17, 2020, doi: 10.5430/wjss.v7n2p17.
  43. Danso, L. Iddrisu, S. E. Lungu, G. Zhou, and X. Ju, “Effects of Heat Stress on Goat Production and Mitigating Strategies: A Review,” Animals, vol. 14, no. 12, p. 1793, 2024, doi: 10.3390/ani14121793.
  44. Coloma-García, N. Mehaba, X. Such, G. Caja, and A. A. K. Salama, “Effects of cold exposure on some physiological, productive, and metabolic variables in lactating dairy goats,” Animals, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1–13, 2020, doi: 10.3390/ani10122383.
  45. A. McGregor and K. L. Butler, “Relationship of body condition score, live weight, stocking rate and grazing system to the mortality of Angora goats from hypothermia and their use in the assessment of welfare risks,” Aust. Vet. J., vol. 86, no. 1–2, pp. 12–17, 2008, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00249.x.
  46. [46] Chandrasekar, P. Karu, A. Varun, D. Balasubramanyam, and M. A. Prakash, “Impact of lightning strike on economics of sheep and goat rearing in Tamil Nadu under field condition,” Indian J. Anim. Heal., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 109–112, 2021, doi: 10.36062/ijah.60.1.2021.109-112.
  47. Silanikove, “The physiological basis of adaptation in goats to harsh environments,” Small Rumin. Res., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 181–193, 2000, doi: 10.1016/S0921-4488(99)00096-6.
  48. B. Navarre and D. G. Pugh, “Diseases of the gastrointestinal system,” Sheep Goat Med., p. 69, 2009.
  49. Rahal, A. H. Ahmad, A. Prakash, R. Mandil, and A. T. Kumar, “Environmental attributes to respiratory diseases of small ruminants,” Vet. Med. Int., vol. 2014, 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/853627.
  50. Tolera, R. C. Merkel, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, and T. Negesse, “Nutritional Constraints and Future Prospects for Goat Production in East Africa,” Oppor. Challenges Enhancing Goat Prod. East Africa., no. January, pp. 43–57, 2000.
  51. F. Akinmoladun, V. Muchenje, F. N. Fon, and C. T. Mpendulo, “Small ruminants: Farmers’ hope in a world threatened by water scarcity,” Animals, vol. 9, no. 7, p. 456, 2019.
  52. Chimithi, N. Gurunathan, S. T. Roshini, N. Vigneshwari, N. Arrivukkarasi, and N. A. Jothi, “a Study on the Incidence of Fractures in Goats,” Indian J. Small Ruminants, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 205–207, 2024, doi: 10.5958/0973-9718.2024.00019.9.
  53. C. Miranda-de la Lama and S. Mattiello, “The importance of social behaviour for goat welfare in livestock farming,” Small Rumin. Res., vol. 90, no. 1–3, pp. 1–10, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.01.006.
  54. Vatta, M. Abbot, J. Villiers, … S. G.-… I. with K., and undefined 2006, “Goat keepers’ animal health care manual,” Lib.Icimod.Org, vol. 60, 2006.
  55. Choudhary, N. Raheja, S. Kumar, M. Kamboj, and A. Sharma, “A review: Pesticide residue: Cause of many animal health problems,” J. Entomol. Zool. Stud., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 330–333, 2018.
  56. Undersander, D. Combs, T. Howard, R. Shaver, M. Siemens, and D. Thomas, “Nitrate poisoning in cattle, sheep and goats,” Univ. Wisconsin-Madison Ext. Coop. Serv. Univ. Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 1999.
  57. G. Simões, R. M. T. Medeiros, M. A. Medeiros, R. G. Olinda, A. F. M. Dantas, and F. Riet-Correa, “Nitrate and nitrite poisoning in sheep and goats caused by ingestion of Portulaca oleracea,” Pesqui. Veterinária Bras., vol. 38, no. 08, pp. 1549–1553, 2018.
  58. Riet-Correa, R. Rivero, E. Odriozola, M. de L. Adrien, R. M. T. Medeiros, and A. L. Schild, “Mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses,” J. Vet. Diagnostic Investig., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 692–708, 2013, doi: 10.1177/1040638713504572.
  59. Bolon et al., “What is the impact of snakebite envenoming on domestic animals? A nation-wide community-based study in Nepal and Cameroon,” Toxicon X, vol. 9–10, no. March, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100068.
  60. Acheampong, “Heavy metals’ poisoning in farm animals,” in Heavy Metals-Recent Advances, IntechOpen, 2023.
  61. R. Gupta, S. Bandyopadhyay, F. Sultana, and D. Swarup, “Heavy metal poisoning and its impact on livestock health and production system,” Indian J. Anim. Heal., vol. 60, no. 2, 2021.
  62. Soto-Blanco, B. L. Stegelmeier, and S. L. Górniak, “Clinical and pathological effects of short-term cyanide repeated dosing to goats,” J. Appl. Toxicol., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 445–450, 2005, doi: 10.1002/jat.1068.
  63. L. Ortolani, C. S. Mori, and J. A. Rodrigues Filho, “Ammonia toxicity from urea in a Brazilian dairy goat flock,” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 87–89, 2000.
  64. K. Gupta, “Toxicity of herbicides,” in Veterinary toxicology, Elsevier, 2018, pp. 553–567.
  65. Demessie and S. Derso, “Tick borne hemoparasitic diseases of ruminants: A review,” Adv. Biol. Res. (Rennes)., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 210–224, 2015.
  66. A. Bukar and I. M. Mabu, “Common diseases of goats, treatment and preventive measures,” in Goat Science-From Keeping to Precision Production, IntechOpen, 2023.
  67. M. Iqbal et al., “Effect of lice infestation on hematological parameters in goats,” J Entomol Zool Stud, vol. 6, pp. 172–174, 2018.
  68. Fentanew, S. Derso, S. Melaku, S. Belete, H. Girma, and N. Mekonnen, “A review on epidemiology of mange mites in small ruminants,” Acta Parasitol Glob, vol. 6, pp. 182–192, 2015.
  69. M. Rizwan et al., “Goat parasitism, diagnosis, and control,” in Goat Science-From Keeping to Precision Production, IntechOpen, 2023.
  70. R. Di Cerbo, M. T. Manfredi, S. Zanzani, and K. Stradiotto, “Gastrointestinal infection in goat farms in Lombardy (Northern Italy): Analysis on community and spatial distribution of parasites,” Small Rumin. Res., vol. 88, no. 2–3, pp. 102–112, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.12.017.
  71. Taylor, “Parasites of goats: a guide to diagnosis and control,” In Pract., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 76–89, 2002.
  72. Gutierrez, J. A. Corbera, M. Morales, and P. Büscher, “Trypanosomosis in goats: Current status,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 1081, no. 1, pp. 300–310, 2006, doi: 10.1196/annals.1373.040.
  73. Shruthi, P. M. Thimmareddy, G. S. Mamatha, B. M. Chandranaik, and G. C. Puttalakshmamma, “Studies on theileriosis in goats from Karnataka, South India,” J. Parasit. Dis., vol. 41, pp. 1082–1085, 2017.
  74. Irshad, M. Qayyum, M. Hussain, and M. Q. Khan, “Prevalence of tick infestation and theileriosis in sheep and goats,” Pak Vet J, 2010.
  75. Luo and H. Yin, “Theileriosis of sheep and goats in China,” Trop. Anim. Health Prod., vol. 29, pp. 8S-10S, 1997.
  76. H. Rahman et al., “Prevalence and identification of caprine pasteurellosis in pneumonic goats in Bangladesh,” J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 538–544, 2023, doi: 10.5455/javar.2023.j707.
  77. A. Momin, M. A. Islam, M. M. Khatun, and M. M. Rahman, “The epidemiology of bacterial pneumonia in Black Bengal goats in Bangladesh,” Bangladesh Vet., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 70–73, 2014.
  78. G. Sumithra et al., “Enterotoxaemia in goats – A review of current knowledge,” Small Rumin. Res., vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.05.013.
  79. Abera, “Review on Pest Des Petits Ruminants Virus and its Socioeconomic Impact in Small Ruminants,” J. ISSN, vol. 2766, p. 2276, 2023.
  80. Muthukrishnan, N. Singanallur Balasubramanian, and S. Villuppanoor Alwar, “Experimental infection of foot and mouth disease in Indian sheep and goats,” Front. Vet. Sci., vol. 7, p. 356, 2020.
  81. Rout, M. R. Senapati, J. K. Mohapatra, B. B. Dash, A. Sanyal, and B. Pattnaik, “Serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in sheep and goat population of India,” Prev. Vet. Med., vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 273–277, 2014.
  82. Chartier and C. Paraud, “Coccidiosis due to Eimeria in sheep and goats, a review,” Small Rumin. Res., 2012.
  83. H. Williamson, “Caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants.,” Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 359–371, 2001, doi: 10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30033-5.
  84. M. Rao, “Diseases of the mammary gland of goats,” Trends Clin. Dis. Prod. Manag. Goats, pp. 401–416, 2024.
  85. Menzies, “Udder health for dairy goats,” Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 149–174, 2021.
  86. T. M. Kahinda, “Mastitis in small ruminants,” Mastit. Dairy Cattle, Sheep Goats, p. 87, 2021.
  87. I. Yatoo et al., “Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia–a comprehensive review,” Vet. Q., vol. 39, no. 1, p. 1, 2019.
  88. V. Arsenopoulos, G. C. Fthenakis, E. I. Katsarou, and E. Papadopoulos, “Haemonchosis: A challenging parasitic infection of sheep and goats,” Animals, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1–29, 2021, doi: 10.3390/ani11020363.
  89. Oljira, B. Mideksa, G. Mekonnen, G. Kebebew, and E. Jorga, “Fasciolosis in sheep and goats slaughtered at abattoirs in Central Ethiopia and associated financial losses,” Food Waterborne Parasitol., vol. 28, p. e00173, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00173.
  90. Maurya, “Bacterial Diseases of Goats,” Princ. Goat Dis. Prev., pp. 95–110, 2023, doi: 10.1002/9781119896142.ch8.
  91. N. Malone, D. M. Fletcher, M. B. Vogt, S. K. Meyer, A. M. Hess, and T. M. Eckstein, “Early weight development of goats experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis,” PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 12, p. e84049, 2013.
  92. Zewdie, G. Derese, B. Getachew, H. Belay, and M. Akalu, “Review of sheep and goat pox disease: current updates on epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures in Ethiopia,” Anim. Dis., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 28, 2021.
  93. Gelaye and C. E. Lamien, “Sheep and goat pox,” Transbound. Anim. Dis. Sahel. Africa Connect. Reg., pp. 289–303, 2019.
  94. L. Moreira et al., “Paralytic rabies in a goat,” BMC Vet. Res., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2018, doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1681-z.
  95. E. Alam, M. M. Kamal, M. Rahman, A. Kabir, M. S. Islam, and J. Hassan, “Review of anthrax: A disease of farm animals,” J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 323, 2022.
  96. I. Abd El-Moez, N. S. Ata, and M. S. Zaki, “Bacterial causes of sudden death in farm animals,” Life Sci. J., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1188–1201, 2013.
  97. C. Hempstead et al., “Detection and molecular characterization of Salmonella species on US goat operations,” Prev. Vet. Med., vol. 208, p. 105766, 2022.
  98. A. E.-H. Hawwas, A.-K. M. Aboueisha, H. M. Fadel, and H. S. El-Mahallawy, “Salmonella serovars in sheep and goats and their probable zoonotic potential to humans in Suez Canal Area, Egypt,” Acta Vet. Scand., vol. 64, no. 1, p. 17, 2022.
  99. Ratsep, “Kid mortality on Ontario goat farms,” 2020, University of Guelph.
  100. K. Sharma, N. Manat, and M. Joshi, “Prevalence of colibacillosis in goat kids in Udaipur district of Rajasthan,” Indian J. Vet. Sci. Biotechnol., vol. 16, no. 2, 3, 4, pp. 98–100, 2020.
  101. Sahin, M. Yaeger, Z. Wu, and Q. Zhang, “Campylobacter-associated diseases in animals,” Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 21–42, 2017.
  102. Ayana Dibessa, “Review on Epidemiology and Public Health Importance of Goat Tuberculosis in Ethiopia,” Med. Int., vol. 2020, no. 1, p. 8898874, 2020, doi: 10.1155/2020/8898874.
  103. Braun, C. Stehle, and E. Ehrensperger, “Clinical findings and treatment of listeriosis in 67 sheep and goats,” Vet. Rec., vol. 150, no. 2, pp. 38–42, 2002.
  104. Wiedmann, S. Mobini, J. R. Cole, C. K. Watson, G. T. Jeffers, and K. J. Boor, “Molecular investigation of a listeriosis outbreak in goats caused by an unusual strain of Listeria monocytogenes,” J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 215, no. 3, pp. 369–371, 1999.
  105. Ganter, “Zoonotic risks from small ruminants,” Vet. Microbiol., vol. 181, no. 1–2, pp. 53–65, 2015.
  106. Rodolakis, “Zoonoses in goats: how to control them,” Small Rumin. Res., vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 12–20, 2014.
  107. Karthik and M. Prabhu, “Bacterial diseases of goat and its preventive measures,” in Goat Science-Environment, Health and Economy, IntechOpen, 2021.
  108. Bates, “Plant poisoning in goats,” Livestock, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 178–185, 2022.
  109. Bates, “Acute plant poisoning in goats,” Livestock, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 300–306, 2016.
  110. P. Hogan and C. J. C. Phillips, “Starvation of Ruminant Livestock,” Nutr. Welf. Farm Anim., pp. 29–57, 2016, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27356-3_3.
  111. Kumaravel, “Management of animals in disaster,” 2020, Doctoral dissertation, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University ….
  112. G. Maciorowski, P. Herrera, F. T. Jones, S. D. Pillai, and S. C. Ricke, “Effects on poultry and livestock of feed contamination with bacteria and fungi,” Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., vol. 133, no. 1–2, pp. 109–136, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.006.
  113. Upton, “Keynote address: Goat production in the humid tropics—Actual and potential contribution to Agricultural development,” Goat Prod. humid Trop., pp. 11–20, 1987.
Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 14
02
Received 05/02/2025
Accepted 21/02/2025
Published 28/02/2025
Publication Time 23 Days
245

async function fetchCitationCount(doi) {
let apiUrl = `https://api.crossref.org/works/${doi}`;
try {
let response = await fetch(apiUrl);
let data = await response.json();
let citationCount = data.message[“is-referenced-by-count”];
document.getElementById(“citation-count”).innerText = `Citations: ${citationCount}`;
} catch (error) {
console.error(“Error fetching citation count:”, error);
document.getElementById(“citation-count”).innerText = “Citations: Data unavailable”;
}
}
fetchCitationCount(“10.37591/RRJODST.v14i02.0”);

Loading citations…