Bioactive Compounds in Ethanolic Extract of Strychnos innocua Root Using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Year : 2023 | Volume : 01 | Issue : 01 | Page : 9 14
    By

    Alagbe John Olujimi,

  1. Researcher, Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Sumitra Research Institute, Gujarat, India

Abstract

Medicinal plants are of great relevance with endless pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties. They are source of wide array of secondary metabolites or bioactive compounds/phytochemicals (phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids and saponins) which can discharge numerous biological functions (antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anti-fibrotic, immune-modulatory, cytotoxic, antipyretic, antitumor, antihelminthic, antiprotozoal, antibacterial, and so on). The use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis in identifying the bioactive compounds in the ethanolic extract of Strychnos innocua root is a fundamental technique in quantifying the unknown samples, trace elements, and contaminants leading to the discovery of novel compounds of pharmaceutical and biomedical importance. The result obtained showed that Strychnos innocua root extract contains 39 bioactive compounds with α-cubebene (20.09%) having the highest concentration followed by dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate (10.17%), β-elemenone (10.02%), 4-methoxy-2-nitroformanilide (7.21%), 1-methyl cyclopropane methanol (5.96%), 1,3-propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl (3.71%), azelaic acid (2.87%), glycidol stearate (2.85%), chloromethyl 2-chlorodecanoate (2.83%) and γ-terpinene (2.56%), respectively. The remaining 29 bioactive compounds have concentrations of less than 2%. It was concluded that all the compounds observed are sources of medication that can be used traditionally in the treatment of human and animal diseases.

Keywords: Strychnos innocua, phytochemicals, pharmaceuticals, therapeutics, gas chromatography

[This article belongs to International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecule Research ]

How to cite this article:
Alagbe John Olujimi. Bioactive Compounds in Ethanolic Extract of Strychnos innocua Root Using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecule Research. 2023; 01(01):9-14.
How to cite this URL:
Alagbe John Olujimi. Bioactive Compounds in Ethanolic Extract of Strychnos innocua Root Using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecule Research. 2023; 01(01):9-14. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijbbr/article=2023/view=128229


References

  1. Olujimi AJ, Muhammad RS, Daniel SM, Christiana OO. Effect of Trichilia monadelpha stem bark extract on the fatty acid composition of rabbit’s thigh meat. J Environ Issues Clim Change. 2022;1(1):63–71.
  2. Sharma S, John AO, Xing L, Ram S, Amita K. Comparative analysis of ethanolic Juniperus thurifera leaf, stem bark and root extract using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Int J Agric Anim Prod. 2022;2(6):18–27.
  3. Shittu MD, Alagbe JO. Phyto-nutritional profiles of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Int J Integr Educ. 2020;3(11):119–24. doi: 10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845.
  4. World Health Organization. TRS 863 – 34th report of the WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. (WHO Technical Report Series 863). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996.
  5. Alagbe JO, Habiba Z, Adedeji OM, Bamigboye S, Agbonika D. Influence of Juniperus thurifera root extract on the nutrient digestibility and caecal microbial count of growing rabbits. Web of Synergy: International Interdisciplinary Research Journal. 2022;1(1):5–17.
  6. Oluwafemi RA, Agubosi OCP, Alagbe JO. Proximate, minerals, vitamins and amino acid composition of Prosopis africana (African mesquite) seed oil. Asian J Adv Res. 2021;11(1):21–7.
  7. Asuzu CU, Nwosu MO. Studies of the wood of some Nigeria alkaloid-rich Strychnos species. J Hortic. 2020;12(2):57–62.
  8. Agubosi OCP, Alexander J, Alagbe JO. Influence of dietary inclusion of Sunflower (Helianthus annus) oil on growth performance and oxidative status of broiler chicks. Cent Asian J Med Nat Sci. 2022;2(7):187–95.
  9. Agubosi OCP, Soliu MB, Alagbe JO. Effect of dietary inclusion levels of Moringa oleifera oil on the growth performance and nutrient retention of broiler starter chicks. Cent Asian J Theor Appl Sci. 2022;3(3):30–9.
  10. Olafadehan OA, Oluwafemi RA, Alagbe JO. Performance, haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler chicks administered Rolfe (Daniellia oliveri) leaf extract as an antibiotic alternative. Drug Discov. 2020;14(33):135–45.
  11. Agubosi OCP, Wika BK, Alagbe JO. Effect of dietary inclusion of Sunflower (Helianthus annus) oil on the growth performance of broiler finisher chickens. Eur J Mod Med Pract. 2022;2(5):1–10.
  12. Shittu MD, Alagbe JO, Ojebiyi OO, Ojediran TK, Rafiu TA. Growth performance and haematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens given varied concentrations of Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract in place of conventional antibiotics. Anim Sci Genet. 2022;18(2):57–71.
  13. Ruth TN, Anita RL, Loveness KN, Vincenzo F, Ruud V. Local processing and nutritional composition of indigenous fruits: the case of monkey orange (Strychnos spp.) from Southern Africa. Food Res. 2017;33(2):123–42.
  14. Vásquez-Ocmín P, Cojean S, Rengifo E, Suyyagh-Albouz S, Amasifuen Guerra CA, Pomel S et al. Antiprotozoal activity of medicinal plants used by Iquitos-Nauta road communities in Loreto (Peru). J Ethnopharmacol. 2018;210:372–85. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.039.
  15. Hirotani H, Ohigashi H, Kobayashi M, Koshimizu K, Takahashi E. Inactivation of T5 phage by cis-vaccenic acid, an antivirus substance from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, and by unsaturated fatty acids and related alcohols. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 1991;77(1):13–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1574–6968.1991.tb04314.x.
  16. Prins H, Maghembe JA. Germination studies on seed of fruit trees indigenous to Malawi. Forest Ecol Manag. 1994;64(2–3):111–25. doi: 10.1016/0378–1127(94)90285–2.
  17. Hines DA, Eckman K. Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania: uses and economic benefits for people. Ottawa, ON, Canada. Cult Surviv Canada. 1993.
  18. Alagbe JO, Adeoye A, Oluwatobi OA. Proximate and mineral analysis of Delonix regia leaves and roots. Int J Integr Educ. 2020;3(10):144–9. doi: 10.31149/ijie.v3i10.705.
  19. Alagbe JO, Sharma R, Ojo EA, Shittu MD, Atanda BK. Chemical evaluation of the proximate, minerals, vitamins and phytochemical analysis of Daniellia oliveri stem bark. Int J Biol Phys Chem Stud. 2020;2(1):16–22.
  20. Alagbe JO. Caecal microbial population of growing grass cutters (Thyronoyms swinderianus) fed Phyllantus amarus and Pilogstigma Thonngii leaf meal mixture as partial replacement for soya bean meal. Concept Dairy Vet Sci. 2020;3(5):350–5.
  21. Sun H, Sun C, Pan Y. Cytotoxic Activity and Constituents of the Volatile Oil from the Roots of Patrinia scabra Bunge. C&B. 2005;2(10):1351–7. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.200590107.
  22. Alagbe JO. Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy of Juniperus phoenice stem bark extract and its influence on the haemato-biochemical values of growing rabbits. Br Sci Period. 2022;1(1):18–33.
  23. Al-Wathnani H, Ismet A, Tahmaz RR, Al-Dayel TH, Bakir MA. Bioactivity of natural compounds isolated from cyanobacteria and green algae against human pathogenic bacteria and yeast. J Med Plants Res. 2012;6(18):3425–33. doi: 10.5897/JMPR11.1746.
  24. Alagbe JO. Daniellia oliveri leaf extracts as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives in broiler chicken diets: meat Quality and fatty acid composition. Indonasian J Innov Appl Sci. 2021;1(3):177–86. doi: 10.47540/ijias.v1i3.174.
  25. Lee SW, Wendy W, Julius YFS, Desy FS. Characterization of antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer properties and chemical composition of Michelia champaca seed and flower extracts. Stamford J Pharm Sci. 2011;4(1):19–24.
  26. Alagbe JO. Chemical evaluation of proximate, vitamin and amino acid profile of leaf, stem bark and root of Indigofera tinctoria. Int J Integr Educ. 2020;3(10):150–7. doi: 10.31149/ijie.v3i10.708.
  27. Hussain I. Phytochemicals screening and antimicrobial activities of selected medicinal plants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol;5(6):746–50. doi: 10.5897/AJPP11.175.
  28. Ibrahim H, Uttu AJ, Sallau MS, Iyun ORA. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of ethyl acetate root bark extract of Strychnos innocua (Delile). Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2021;10(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s43088–021–00156–1.
  29. Alagbe JO, Shittu MD, Tanimomo BK. Influence of Anogeissus leiocarpa stem bark on the fatty acid composition in meat of broiler chickens. Eur J Life Saf Stab. 2022;14(22):13–22.
  30. Alagbe JO. Use of medicinal plants as a panacea to poultry production and food security: a review. Am J Technol Appl Sci. 2022 Apr 26;1:24–36.
  31. Alagbe JO. Dietary supplementation of Rauvolfia vomitoria root extract as a phytogenic feed additive in growing rabbit diets: growth performance and caecal microbial population. Concepts Dairy Vet Sci. 2021;4(2):409–16. doi: 10.32474/CDVS.2021.04.000184.
  32. Alagbe JO. Prosopis africana stem bark as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives in broiler chicks diets: performance and Carcass characteristics. J Multidimensional Res Rev. 2021;2(1):64–77.
  33. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Oxford University Press; 2015.
  34. Oloruntola OD, Ayodele SO, Adeyeye SA, Agbede JO. Performance, haemato-biochemical indices and antioxidant status of growing rabbits fed on diets supplemented with Mucuna pruriens leaf meal. World Rabbit Sci. 2018;26(4):277–85. doi: 10.4995/wrs.2018.10182.
  35. Adewale AO, Alagbe JO, Adeoye AO. Dietary supplementation of Rauvolfia vomitoria root extract as a phytogenic feed additive in growing rabbit diets: haematology and serum biochemical indices. Int J Orange Technol. 2021;3(3):1–12.
  36. Musa B, Alagbe JO, Adegbite Motunrade B, Omokore EA. Growth performance, caeca microbial population and immune response of broiler chicks fed aqueous extract of Balanites aegyptiaca and Alchornea cordifolia stem bark mixture. U J Res Technol. 2020;2(2):13–21.
  37. Nascimento GGF, Locatelli J, Freitas PC, Silva GL. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Brazil J Microbiol. 2000;31(4):886–91. doi: 10.1590/S1517–83822000000400003.
  38. Parekh J, Chanda S. In vitro antibacterial activity of the crude methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. Flower (Lythraceae). Brazil J Microbiol. 2007;38(2):204–7. doi: 10.1590/S1517–83822007000200004.
  39. Oluwafemi RA, Omolade LA, Adelowo SA, Alagbe JO. Effects of dietary inclusion of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) oil on carcass characteristics and sensory evaluation of broiler chicken. Texas J Multidiscip Stud. 2021;2(11):180–8.
  40. Oluwafemi RA, Uankhoba IP, Alagbe JO. Effects of turmeric oil as a dietary supplements on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. Int J Orange Technol. 2021;3(4):1–9.
  41. Okeke MI, Iroegbu CU, Eze EN, Okoli AS, Esimone CO. Evaluation of extracts of the roots of Landolpbia owerience for antibacterial activity. J Ethnopharmcology. 2001;78(2–3):119–27.
  42. Narayani M, Johnson M, Sivaraman A, Janakiraman N. Phytochemical and antibacterial Studies on Jatropha curcas L. J Chem Pharm Res. 2012;4(5):2639–42.
  43. Trease GE Evans WC. Pharmacognosy. London: W B Saunders Co Ltd; p. 269–300.
  44. Hoet S, Stévigny C, Hérent MF, Quetin-Leclercq J. Antitrypanosomal compounds from the leaf essential oil of Strychnos spinosa. Planta Med. 2006;72(5):480–2. doi: 10.1055/s-2005–916255.
  45. Omokore EO, Alagbe JO. Efficacy of dried Phyllantus amarus leaf meal as an herbal feed additive on the growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of growing rabbits. Int J Acad Res Dev. 2019;4(3):97–104.
  46. Orwa CA, Mutua KR, Jamnadass R, Anthony S. (2009). Agroforestree database: a tree reference. [online] Available from: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases. asp.
  47. Oluwafemi RA, Uankhoba IP, Alagbe JO. Effects of turmeric oil as a dietary supplement on the haematology and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens. Bioinformatics Proteomics Open Access J. 2021;5(1): 000138.
  48. Oluwafemi RA, Daniel SE, Alagbe JO. Haematology and serum biochemical indices of broiler chicks fed different inclusion levels of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) oil mixture. Int J Discov Innov Appl Sci. 2021;1(4):20–6.
Regular Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 01
Issue 01
Received 08/01/2023
Accepted 17/01/2023
Published 31/01/2023
Publication Time 23 Days
574

Login


My IP

PlumX Metrics