Botanical Beauty: Exploring the Role of Herbal Drugs in Modern Cosmetics

Year : 2025 | Volume : 12 | Issue : 01 | Page : 76 91
    By

    Swapnesh Bhaduri,

  1. Research Scholar, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Abstract

This review provides a concise overview of the burgeoning use of herbal drugs in cosmetics, showcasing their increasing importance in modern skincare formulations. Through an exploration of various herbal plants and their extracts, such as Aloe vera, lavender, calendula, and green tea, among others, the review elucidates the diverse array of benefits these botanicals offer for skin health and overall well-being. By harnessing the therapeutic properties of these natural ingredients, cosmetics can deliver moisturizing, soothing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects to address a range of skincare concerns. Scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of herbal extracts in treating common dermatological conditions like acne, eczema, and aging is discussed, along with their potential for promoting wound healing, collagen synthesis, and UV protection. Despite challenges related to quality control and regulatory compliance, advancements in extraction methods and formulation technologies continue to drive innovation in herbal cosmetics. As consumer demand for natural, sustainable, and eco-friendly skincare products grows, the incorporation of herbal ingredients is poised to play an increasingly significant role in the future of the cosmetics industry. Embracing nature’s bounty offers not only effective skincare solutions but also contributes to a broader shift towards holistic and environmentally conscious beauty practices.

Keywords: Herbal, Cosmeceuticals, Skincare, Natural, Herbal extracts.

[This article belongs to Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy ]

How to cite this article:
Swapnesh Bhaduri. Botanical Beauty: Exploring the Role of Herbal Drugs in Modern Cosmetics. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2025; 12(01):76-91.
How to cite this URL:
Swapnesh Bhaduri. Botanical Beauty: Exploring the Role of Herbal Drugs in Modern Cosmetics. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2025; 12(01):76-91. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjopc/article=2025/view=208590


References

  1. Bouldin AS, Smith MC, Garner DD, Szeinbach SL, Frate DA, Croom EM. Pharmacy and herbal medicine in the US. Soc Sci Med. 1999 Jul;49(2):279-89. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00118-5.
  2. European Commission, Directives 93/35/EEC, official journel of European Commission I. Series., 1993,151.
  3. Draelos ZD, Topical Antiinflammatory agents, Cosmetic Dermatol, 2003; 16(10): 41-42.
  4. Rousseaux CG and Schachter H, Regulatory issues concerning the safety, efficacy and quality of herbal remedies. Birth Defects Res. B, Dev Reprod Toxicol, 2003; 68(6): 505-510 https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.10053 .
  5. Prashant L Kole, Hemant R Jadhav, Prasad Thakurdesai and Anantha Naik Nagappa, cosmetics potential of herbal extracts, Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources (IJNPR) [Formerly Natural Product Radiance (NPR)], 2005; 4(4): 315-321.
  6. Rodrigues F, de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea M, Nunes MA, Pinto D, Vinha AF, Linares IB, Oliveira MB, Carretero AS. Cosmetics. InPolyphenols: properties, recovery, and applications 2018 Jan 1 (pp. 393-427). Woodhead Publishing.
  7. Harry RG, Harry’s Cosmeticology 7th editions In: Modern Cosmeticology [online], Chemical Pub. Co., 1982; 1July .
  8. Drugs act Commercial’s, “Manual on Drugs and Cosmetics” [online], Second Edition, Published by Commercial Law Publishers (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2004.
  9. Ko RJ. Adulterants in Asian patent medicines. N Engl J Med. 1998 Sep 17;339(12):847. doi: 10.1056/nejm199809173391214.
  10. Larsson, S.C.; Bergkvist, L.; Näslund, I.; Rutegård, J.; Wolk, A. Vitamin A, retinol, and carotenoids and the risk of gastric cancer: a prospective cohort study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 2007; 85(2): 497–503 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.2.497 .
  11. J. Teneralli. Traditional Skin Care Lines: Improving looks with dietary supplements. Neutraceuticals World. 7: 74-80 (2004).
  12. Kurata. New Raw materials and technologies in cosmetics: Properties and applications of plant extract complexes. Fragr. J. 22: 49-53 (1994).
  13. Sanjivani herbals – Plant and infrastructure [Internet]. Sanjivani herbals. 2025 [cited 2025 Feb 10]. Available from: http://www.sanjivaniherbals.in/plant-and-infrastructure.html ‌
  14. M. Trueb. The Value of Hair Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals. Dermatology. 202: 275-282 (2001)
  15. Lorenzetti LJ, Salisbury R, Beal JL and Baldwin. Bacteriostatic property of Aloe vera. Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society 53:1964, 1287-1290.
  16. Heggers JP, Elzaim H and Garfield R. Effect of the combination of Aloe vera, nitroglycerin, and L-NAME on wound healing in the rat excisional model. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine 3: 1997, 149–153
  17. Gediya, S. K., Mistry, R. B., Patel, U. K., Blessy, M., & Jain, H. N. (2011). Herbal plants: used as a cosmetics. J Nat Prod Plant Resour, 1(1), 24-32.
  18. Gallo, F. R., Multari, G., Palazzino, G., Pagliuca, G., Zadeh, S., Biapa, P. C. N., & Nicoletti, M. (2014). Henna through the centuries: a quick HPTLC analysis proposal to check henna identity. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 24, 133-140.
  19. Tomar, Alka, et al. “Neem in Health and Cosmetics.” Neem: A Treatise, IK International Publishing House Pvt Ltd., New Delhi(2009): 461-485.
  20. Gopinath, Hima, and Kaliaperumal Karthikeyan. “Turmeric: A condiment, cosmetic and cure.” Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology84 (2018): 16.
  21. Satheesh, Neela. “Review on Production and Potential Applications of Virgin Coconut Oil.” Annals: Food Science & Technology1 (2015) P:115-126.
  22. Stoia, Mihaela, and Simona Oancea. “Selected evidence-based health benefits of topically applied sunflower oil.”  Sci. Rep10 (2015): 45-49.
  23. Sandha, G. K., and V. K. Swami. “Jojoba oil as an organic, shelf stable standard oil-phase base for cosmetic industry.” Rasayan J Chem2 (2009): 300-306.
  24. Gorini, Ilaria, et al. “Olive oil in pharmacological and cosmetic traditions.” Journal of cosmetic dermatology5 (2019): 1575-1579.
  25. Singh, Ekta, et al. “Phytochemistry, traditional uses and cancer chemopreventive activity of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica): The Sustainer.” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical ScienceIssue (2012): 176-183.
  26. Desam, Nagarjuna Reddy, and Abdul Jabbar Al-Rajab. “The importance of natural products in cosmetics.” Bioactive natural products for pharmaceutical applications(2021): 643-685.
  27. Koksal, Nezihe, et al. “Determination of volatile compounds of the first rose oil and the first rose water by HS-SPME/GC/MS techniques.” African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines4 (2015): 145-150.
  28. Dhakad, Ashok K., et al. “Biological, medicinal and toxicological significance of Eucalyptus leaf essential oil: a review.” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture3 (2018): 833-848.
  29. Siddhuraju. Lwt., 2007, 40, 982-90.
  30. Tsuda, M. Watanabe, K. Ohshima, A. Yamamoto, S. Kawakishi, T. Osawa. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1994, 42, 2671-4.
  31. de, DA Krishna, AB Baneerjee. Phytother. Res., 1999, 3, 616-8.
  32. Animals and vegetation are both good sources of vitamin E. It has been shown to be helpful in preventing heart issues and several forms of cancer. It is referred to as a “free radical scavenger.” Nuts, entire cereal grains, almonds, vegetable oils, etc. are good sources of vitamin E.
  33. Simpson, Tamara, Matthew Pase, and Con Stough. “Bacopa monnieri as an antioxidant therapy to reduce oxidative stress in the aging brain.” Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine2015 (2015).
  34. Jain, PUSHPENDRA KUMAR, D. E. B. A. J. Y. O. T. I. Das, and C. H. A. N. D. A. N. Das. “Prospect of herbs as hair growth potential.” Innovare Journals of Medical Sciences1 (2017): 25-33.
  35. Singh, Neha, et al. “Indian medicinal plants: For hair care and cosmetics.” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences(2014): 1552-1556.
  36. Ratz-Łyko, A., J. Arct, and K. Pytkowska. “Moisturizing and antiinflammatory properties of cosmetic formulations containing Centella asiatica extract.” Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences1 (2016): 27.
  37. Oulebsir, Chahinez, et al. “Essential Oil of Citrus aurantium L. Leaves: Composition, antioxidant activity, elastase and collagenase inhibition.” Agronomy6 (2022): 1466.
  38. Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Marta, Agnieszka Szopa, and Halina Ekiert. “Citrus limon (Lemon) phenomenon—a review of the chemistry, pharmacological properties, applications in the modern pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries, and biotechnological studies.” Plants1 (2020): 119.
  39. Mukhopadhyay, Goutam, et al. “A review on physicochemical & pharmacological activity of Eclipta alba.” The Pharma Innovation Journal9 (2018): 78-83.
  40. Poomanee, Worrapan, et al. “Biological activities and characterization of the pod extracts from sompoi (Acacia concinna linn) grown in northern Thailand.”  J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci7 (2015): 237-241.
  41. Bansal, Mahima, M. Sudhakara Reddy, and Anil Kumar. “Optimization of cell growth and bacoside-A production in suspension cultures of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. using response surface methodology.” In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant6 (2017): 527-537.
  42. Ratz-Łyko, A., J. Arct, and K. Pytkowska. “Moisturizing and antiinflammatory properties of cosmetic formulations containing Centella asiatica extract.” Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences1 (2016): 27.
  43. Akinyele BO and Odiyi AC: Comparative study of the vegetative morphology and the existing taxonomic status of Aloe vera. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2007; 2: 558-563.
  44. Escamilla M, Ferre A, Hidalgo C, Fuentes N, Kaps R, et al., Revision of European ecolabel criteria for soaps, shampoos and hair conditioners. Joint Research Centre European Commission, 2012; 1-40.
  45. Suzuki D: The “Dirty Dozen” ingredients investigated in the David Suzuki Foundation Survey of chemicals in cosmetics. Backgrounder, 2010; 1-15.
  46.  Exposure to hazardous chemicals [Internet]. Who.int. 2016 [cited 2025 Feb 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/tools/occupational-hazards-in-health-sector/exposure-to-hazardous-chemicals#:~:text=Disinfectants%2C%20cleaning%20products%2C%20sterilants%2C,asthma%20in%20nurses%20(1). ‌
  47. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 1978; 17: 1-365.
  48. Kadam VS, Chintale AG, Deshmukh KP and Nalwad DN: Cosmeceuticals an emerging concept: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2013; 3:(2) 308-316.
  49. Winter RA: A Consumer’s Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients, 7th Edition: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients Found in Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals Paperback – 20 Oct Three Rivers press United states USA, Edition 7th , 2009.
  50. Patwardhan B, Vaidya AD, Chorghade M. Ayurveda and natural products drug discovery. Current science. 2004 Mar 25:789-99.
  51. Sharma A, Shanker C, Tyagi LK, Singh M and Rao CV: Herbal medicine for market potential in India: An overview. Academic Journal of Plant Sciences, 2008; 1: 26-36.
  52. Parabens in Cosmetics [Internet]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024 [cited 2025 Feb 10]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/parabens-cosmetics .
  53.  Joshi LS and Pawar HA: Herbal cosmetics and cosmeceuticals: An overview, Nat Prod Chem Res., 2015; 3: 170.
  54. Sharrif Moghaddasi, M., and M. Res. “Aloe vera their chemicals composition and applications: A review.” Int J Biol Med Res1 (2011): 466-71.
  55. Hughes, Kristelle, et al. “A selection of eleven plants used as traditional Polynesian cosmetics and their development potential as anti-aging ingredients, hair growth promoters and whitening products.” Journal of ethnopharmacology245 (2019): 112159.
  56. Hughes, Kristelle, et al. “A selection of eleven plants used as traditional Polynesian cosmetics and their development potential as anti-aging ingredients, hair growth promoters and whitening products.” Journal of ethnopharmacology245 (2019): 112159.
  57. Singh, Neha, et al. “Indian medicinal plants: For hair care and cosmetics.” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences(2014): 1552-1556.
  58. .Sawicka, Barbara, and A. Noaema. “Cosmetics active ingredients used in the Middle East.” Conference: II National Scientific Conference “Modern technologies and treatments in cosmetology”. Lublin, Poland. 2015.
  59. Suryawanshi, Jyotsna A. Saonere. “An overview of Citrus aurantium used in treatment of various diseases.” African Journal of Plant Science7 (2011): 390-395.
  60. Chelaru, Ciprian, et al. “Polymeric microcapsules for cosmetic applications, based on Lemon essential oil (Citrus limon).” UPB Sci. Bull. Ser. B Chem. Mater. Sci77 (2015): 101-112.
  61. .Mukhopadhyay, Goutam, et al. “A review on physicochemical & pharmacological activity of Eclipta alba.” The Pharma Innovation Journal9 (2018): 78-83.
  62. Medisetti, Vinaykumar, et al. “Antibacterial and anthelmintic activities of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of acacia concinna (Shikakai) pods.” Inventi Rapid: Ethnopharmacology3 (2017): 1-6.
  63. .Bylka, Wiesława, et al. “Centella asiatica in cosmetology.” Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii1 (2013): 46-49.
  64. Hugo Infante, Victor, et al. “Cosmetic Formulations with Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil for the Improvement of Photoaged Skin: A Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Clinical Study.” Photochemistry and Photobiology1 (2023): 176-183.
  65. Almeida, Priscilla P., Natália Mezzomo, and Sandra RS Ferreira. “Extraction of Mentha spicata L. volatile compounds: evaluation of process parameters and extract composition.” Food and Bioprocess Technology5 (2012): 548-559.
  66. Choi, Jiyoung, et al. “The Protective Effect of Hamamelis virginiana Stem and Leaf Extract on Fine Dust-Induced Damage on Human Keratinocytes.” Cosmetics4 (2021): 119.
  67. Burnett, Christina L., et al. “Final report on the safety assessment of Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil and related ingredients.” International journal of toxicology30.3_suppl (2011): 5S-16S.
  68. Koch, Wojciech, et al. “Applications of tea (Camellia sinensis) and its active constituents in cosmetics.” Molecules24.23 (2019): 4277.
  69. Saechan, Charinrat, et al. “Antioxidant in cosmeceutical products containing Calophyllum inophyllum oil.” OCL28 (2021): 28.
  70. Garcia, Charlene Silvestin Celi, et al. “Assessment of Salvia officinalis (L.) hydroalcoholic extract for possible use in cosmetic formulation as inhibitor of pathogens in the skin.” Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Básica e Aplicada4 (2012).
  71. .González-Minero, Francisco José, Luis Bravo-Díaz, and Antonio Ayala-Gómez. “Rosmarinus officinalis L.(Rosemary): An ancient plant with uses in personal healthcare and cosmetics.” Cosmetics4 (2020): 77.
  72. .Dresler, Sławomir, et al. “A design-of-experiment approach for obtaining Symphytum officinale L. extracts for cosmetic purposes.” Industrial Crops and Products199 (2023): 116768.
  73. .Cortés-Rojas, Diego Francisco, Claudia Regina Fernandes de Souza, and Wanderley Pereira Oliveira. “Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice.” Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine2 (2014): 90-96.
  74. AYDIN, Gülşah, et al. “The use of natural preservative propolis and Hypericum perforatum oil in herbal cream production.” International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research1 (2021): 27-35..
  75. . Hwang, Ju-Young, et al. “Anti-wrinkle Compounds Isolated from the Seeds of Arctium lappa L.” 생명과학회지8 (2012): 1092-1098.
  76. .Ainane, T., et al. “Cosmetic bio-product based on cinnamon essential oil “Cinnamomum verum” for the treatment of mycoses: Preparation, chemical analysis and antimicrobial activity.” MOJ Toxicol1 (2019): 5-8.
  77. .Nema, Neelesh K., et al. “Cucumis sativus fruit-potential antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase, and anti-elastase agent.” Archives of dermatological research303 (2011): 247-252.
  78. .Pressi, Giovanna, et al. “In vitro cultured Melissa officinalis cells as effective ingredient to protect skin against oxidative stress, blue light, and infrared irradiations damages.” Cosmetics1 (2021): 23.
  79. Ferreira, E. B., et al. “Topical effects of Chamomilla Recutita in skin damage: A literature review.” Pharmacologyonline2015- (2015): 123-130.
  80. Sikha, A., and A. Harini. “Pharmacological activities of wild turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb): a review.” Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry5 (2015): 01-04.
  81. Cadiz-Gurrea, Maria de la Luz, et al. “Olive fruit and leaf wastes as bioactive ingredients for cosmetics—A preliminary study.” Antioxidants2 (2021): 245.
  82. .Aćimović, Milica G., et al. “Biological activity and profiling of Salvia sclarea essential oil obtained by steam and hydrodistillation extraction methods via chemometrics tools.” Flavour and Fragrance Journal1 (2022): 20-32.
  83. .Widowati, Wahyu, et al. “Antioxidant and antiaging assays of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract and its compounds.” Natural Product Sciences3 (2017): 192-200.
  84. Basar SN, Rani S, Zaman RA. Review on stability studies of unani formulations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation 2013;2(4):1-8.
  85. Bansal S, Kashyap CP, Aggarwal G, Harikumar SL. A comparative review on vesicular drug delivery system and stability issues. Int J Res Pharm Chem. 2010;2:704-13.
  86. Marcato PD, Durán N. New aspects of nanopharmaceutical delivery systems. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 2008;8(5):2216-29.
  87. Alğın Yapar E, İnal Ö. Nanomaterials and cosmetics. J Fac Pharm Istanbul 2012;42(1):71-98.
  88. Saraf S. Applications of novel drug delivery system for herbal formulations. Fitoterapia 2010;81(7):680-9.
  89. Alğın Yapar E. Intellectual property and patent in cosmetics. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal 2017; 21(3):419-24.
  90. Singh P, Ansari H, Dabre S. Niosomes-A novel tool for anti-ageing cosmeceuticals. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2016;6(10):6691-703.
  91. Ashtiani HR, Bishe P, Lashgari NA, Nilforoushzadeh MA, Zare S. Liposomes in cosmetics. Journal of Skin and Stem Cell. 2016 Sep 23;3(3).
  92. Rahimpour Y, Hamishehkar H. Liposomes in cosmeceutics. Expert opinion on drug delivery. 2012 Apr 1;9(4):443-55.
  93. Kim B, Cho HE, Moon SH, Ahn HJ, Bae S, Cho HD, An S. Transdermal delivery systems in cosmetics. Biomedical Dermatology. 2020 Dec;4:1-2.
  94. Torin Huzil J, Sivaloganathan S, Kohandel M, Foldvari M. Drug delivery through the skin: molecular simulations of barrier lipids to design more effective noninvasive dermal and transdermal delivery systems for small molecules, biologics, and cosmetics. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology. 2011 Sep;3(5):449-62.
  95. Boonme P. Applications of microemulsions in cosmetics. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 2007 Dec;6(4):223-8.
  96. Azeem A, Rizwan M, Ahmad FJ, Khan ZI, Khar RK, Aqil M, Talegaonkar S. Emerging role of microemulsions in cosmetics. Recent patents on drug delivery & formulation. 2008 Nov 1;2(3):275-89.
  97. von Rybinski W, Hloucha M, Johansson I. Microemulsions in cosmetics and detergents. Microemulsions: Background, New Concepts, Applications, Perspectives. 2009 Oct 24:230-58.
  98. Cavagnino A, Breton L, Ruaux C, Grossgold C, Levoy S, Abdayem R, Roumiguiere R, Cheilian S, Bouchara A, Baraibar MA, Gueniche A. Adaptogen Technology for Skin Resilience Benefits. Cosmetics. 2023 Nov 10;10(6):155.
  99. Liu X, Chen C, Li L, Yi F. Research status and prospect of adaptogenic plants in skin health. China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics. 2023 Mar 1;53(3).
  100. Liu XX, Chen CY, Li L, Guo MM, He YF, Meng H, Dong YM, Xiao PG, Yi F. Bibliometric study of adaptogens in dermatology: pharmacophylogeny, phytochemistry, and pharmacological mechanisms. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2023 Dec 31:341-61.
  101. Herbal Basics: Adaptogens 101 | Traditional Medicinals [Internet]. Traditionalmedicinals.com. 2024 [cited 2025 Feb 10]. Available from: https://www.traditionalmedicinals.com/blogs/ppj/adaptogens-101?srsltid=AfmBOopjP5gMAL4VGmppgZGjPcN3gfWM9V5r6LvT8Efuyp0yjmQaVPhX ‌ 101.
  102. Ivanišová E, Kacániová MJ. Plant adaptogens: an important source of bioactive compounds. Bioactive Compounds: Sources, Properties and Applications. 2017:91.
  103. Liao LY, He YF, Li L, Meng H, Dong YM, Yi F, Xiao PG. A preliminary review of studies on adaptogens: comparison of their bioactivity in TCM with that of ginseng-like herbs used worldwide. Chinese medicine. 2018 Dec;13:1-2.
  104. Ivanišová E, Farkaš A, Frančáková H, Kačániová M. Antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content of medicinal herbs with adaptogenic effect to human body. Scientific Papers Animal Science and Biotechnologies. 2018;51(1):119-.
  105. Ivanišová E, Kačániová M, Petrová J, Staňková R, Godočíková L, Krajčovič T, Dráb Š. Biological activity of selected plants with adaptogenic effect. Scientific Papers Animal Science and Biotechnologies. 2016;49(1):96-.
  106. Panossian AG, Efferth T, Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Kuchta K, Mukherjee PK, Banerjee S, Heinrich M, Wu W, Guo DA, Wagner H. Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: Pharmacology of stress‐and aging‐related diseases. Medicinal research reviews. 2021 Jan;41(1):630-703.
  107. Davydov M, Krikorian AD. Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.(Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer look. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2000 Oct 1;72(3):345-93.
Regular Issue Subscription Review Article
Volume 12
Issue 01
Received 20/01/2025
Accepted 19/02/2025
Published 23/04/2025
Publication Time 93 Days
517

Login


My IP

PlumX Metrics