A Sensitive SPE-ECD-GLC procedure for analysing Simazine quantitatively in food products

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2025 | Volume :03 | Issue : 01 | Page : –
    By

    Anil Kumar,

  • Naisergik Deepika Khanna,

  1. Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Nadaun, Affiliated to Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
  2. Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhash Chander Bose Memorial Government College, Hamirpur Affiliated to Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

Abstract

document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_abs_154289’);});Edit Abstract & Keyword

Short and simple solid-phase extraction (SPE) method interfacing and hyphenating Gas Liquid Chromatographic-Electron Capture Detection (GLC-ECD) method has been developed for the qualification and quantification of simazine in some daily used agroproducts. United States Pharmacopia G-42 Gas Chromatography stationary phase with ZB-35a, HTb Inferno-cZ (Zebron, Za) capillary column with enlarged and extended temperature range of -60° to 400°C and Electron Capture Detector was selected correlating some chemical, physical and structural features of Simazine. Attempted the higher temperature range  which was programmed with of 20-25 minutes having 0.94 ml/min of gas flow showing theoretical plates (~106) and  optimum resolution (Rs~2.04 min) with Limit of detection and Limit of Quantification values of 0.0013 μg/L and 0.13 μg/L respectively. Accurate LOQ was achieved by using this method and is almost below the maximum residue concentrations recommended by the Indian Pharmacopeia Standards. Recoveries of the simazine obtained from agricultural samples by spiking were ranging from 79.77 to 99.60 % with relative standard deviations far below 3.17 %.  More than five minutes SPE residual workup makes the proposed method simple and fast having good economical importance for the quantitative analysis of simazine in common environmental institutes, medical colleges and civil hospitals serving society.

Keywords: Simazine; LOD; LOQ; GLC-ECD; Residues

[This article belongs to International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecule Research (ijbbr)]

How to cite this article:
Anil Kumar, Naisergik Deepika Khanna. A Sensitive SPE-ECD-GLC procedure for analysing Simazine quantitatively in food products. International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecule Research. 2025; 03(01):-.
How to cite this URL:
Anil Kumar, Naisergik Deepika Khanna. A Sensitive SPE-ECD-GLC procedure for analysing Simazine quantitatively in food products. International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecule Research. 2025; 03(01):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijbbr/article=2025/view=0

document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_ref_154289’);});Edit

References

1. Agrawal H, Shrivastav AM, Gupta BD. Surface plasmon resonance-based optical fiber sensor for atrazine detection using molecular imprinting technique. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2016;227:204–11.
2. Mansour SA, Mohamed DA, Sutra JF. Which exposure stage (gestation or lactation) is more vulnerable to atrazine toxicity? Studies on mouse dams and their pups. Toxicology Reports. 2014;1:53–68.
3. Brender JD, Weyer PJ. Agricultural compounds in water and birth defects. Current Environmental Health Reports. 2016;3:144–52.
4. Liu T, Zhang Z, Chen D, Wang L, Yao H, Zhao F, Xing H, Xu S. Effect of atrazine and chlorpyrifos exposure on heat shock protein response in the brain of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 2013;107:277–83.
5. Syed JH, Alamdar A, Mohammad A, Ahad K, Shabir Z, Ahmed H, et al. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Pakistan: a review of the occurrence and associated human health risks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2014;21:13367–93.
6. Stoker TE, Guidici DL, Laws SC, Cooper RL. The effect of atrazine metabolites on puberty and thyroid in the male Wistar rat. Toxicological Sciences. 2002;67:198–206.
7. Cooper RL, Stoker TE, Tyrey L, Goldman JM, McElroy WK. Atrazine disrupts the hypothalamic control of pituitary-ovarian function. Toxicological Sciences. 2000;53:297–307.
8. Liu G, Yang X, Li T, Yu H, Du X, She Y, et al. Spectrophotometric and visual detection of the herbicide atrazine by exploiting hydrogen bond-induced aggregation of melamine-modified gold nanoparticles. Microchim Acta. 2015;182:1983–9.
9. Assaker K, Rima J. Improvement of spectrophotometric method for the determination of atrazine in contaminated water by inducing of Mannich reaction. Journal of Food Research. 2012;1:17–26.
10. Borras N, Oliver R, Arias C, Brillas E. Degradation of atrazine by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes using a boron-doped diamond anode. Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2010;114:6613–21.
11. Norouzi P, Larijani B, Ganjali MR, Faridbod F. Admittometric electrochemical determination of atrazine by nano-composite immune-biosensor using FFT-square wave voltammetry. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 2012;7:10414–26.
12. Kumar V, Upadhyay N, Singh S, Singh J, Kaur P. Thin layer chromatography: comparative estimation of soil’s atrazine. Current World Environment. 2013;8:469–72.
13. Broszat M, Ernst H, Spangenberg B. A simple method for quantifying triazine herbicides using thin-layer chromatography and a CCD camera. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies. 2010;33:948–56.
14. Qie Z, Bai J, Xie B, Yuan L, Song N, Peng Y, et al. Sensitive detection of atrazine in tap water using TELISA. Analyst. 2019;140:5220–6.
15. Pecek G, Pavlovic DM, Babic S. Development and validation of a SPE-GC-MS method for the determination of pesticides in surface water. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2013;93:1311–28.
16. Sanagl MM, Muhammad SS, Hussain I, Ibrahim WAW, Ali I. Novel solid-phase membrane tip extraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry methods for the rapid analysis of triazine herbicides in real waters. Journal of Separation Science. 2015;38:433–8.
17. Williams DBG, George MJ, Marjanovic L. Rapid detection of atrazine and metachlor in farm soils: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analysis using the bubble-in-drop single-drop microextraction enrichment method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2014;62:7676–81.
18. Leyva-Morales JB, Valdez-Torres JB, Bastidas-Bastidas PJ, Betancourt-Lozano M. Validation and application of a multi-residue method, using accelerated solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography, for pesticides quantification in soil. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2015;53:1623–30.
19. Pereira A, Silva E, Cerejeira MJ. Applicability of the new 60 µm polyethylene glycol solid-phase microextraction fiber assembly for the simultaneous analysis of six pesticides in water. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2014;52:423–8.
20. Akdogan A, Divrikli U, Elci L. Determination of triazine herbicides and metabolites by solid-phase extraction with HPLC analysis. Analytical Letters. 2013;46:2464–77.
21. Li X, Wang Y, Sun Q, Xu B, Yang Z, Wang X. Molecularly imprinted dispersive solid-phase extraction for the determination of triazine herbicides in grape seeds by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2016;54:871–7.
22. Wang C, Ji S, Wu Q, Wu C, Wang Z. Determination of triazine herbicides in environmental samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2011;49:689–94.
23. Watson DH. Pesticide, veterinary, and other residues in food. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited; 2004. p. 400.
24. Jeganathan P, Rajakaruna RS. Testicular oocyte development and other toxic effects in the common hourglass tree frog exposed to three commercial insecticide formulations. Ceylon Journal of Science. 2021;50(3):249. doi:10.4038/cjs.v50i3.7906.
25. Tadeo JL, Sanchez-Brunete C, Perez RA, Fernandez MD. Analysis of herbicide residues in cereals, fruits, and vegetables. Journal of Chromatography A. 2000;882:175–91.
26. Supelco. Guide to solid-phase extraction. Bulletin. 1998;910.
27. Wang L, Li C, Peng C, Li X, Xu C. A rapid multi-residue determination method of herbicides in grain by GC-MS-SIM. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2008;46:424–9.
28. Ma TW, Zongwei C, Jiang GB. Determination of atrazine, deethylatrazine, and simazine in water at parts-per-trillion levels using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2003;17:2707–12.

Regular Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 03
Issue 01
Received 23/11/2024
Accepted 16/12/2024
Published 03/02/2025
127