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nCombustion instability is a major problem in most solid rocket motor (SRM) during its operation. More form of instability is generated due to several factors like coupling of combustion acoustic waves with flow dynamics, grain configuration, combustion chamber design, combustible mixture, etc. This type of flow turbulence is sustained in such system for long durations and leads to failure of the mission. In this paper, an effort has been made to understand the vortex shading inside the rocket motor through cold flow analysis. A computational model is designed and run in a platform of fluid flow analysis software FLUENT. The vortex generated at the dead end of combustion chamber has been determined under laminar and turbulent flow conditions. A scale-to-scale model of Shanbhogue’ experimental setup has been developed and grid to two different number of cells, i.e., 40000 and 60000 respectively. Comparison of computational and experimental results and influence of number of cells on computational results have been determined in present investigation. The effect of perturbation in an unsymmetric fluid flow is estimated and sizable changes are noted on the pressure waves at vortex point with respect to flow behavior i.e., laminar and turbulent. All results are presented in form of table and graphs.n

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1. Elias I, Gordon R. Vibration of gas at ambient pressure in a rocket thrust chamber. Journal of the American Rocket Society. 1952; 22(5): 263–268.
2. Swithenbank J, Sotter G. Vortices in solid propellant rocket motors. Jr. of AIAA. 1963; 1(7): 1682–1684.
3. Flandro GA, Jacobs HR. Vortex-generation sound in cavities. AIAA Paper. 1973; 73–1014.
4. Culic FEC. Stability of high frequency pressure oscillation in rocket combustion chamber. Jr. of AIAA. 1963; 1(5): 1097–1104.
5. Baum JD. Numerical techniques for solving nonlinear instability problems in solid rocket motors. Jr. of AIAA. 1982; 21(7): 959–961.
6. Bernardini, M., Cimini, M., Stella, F., Carallini, E., Mascio, A. D., Neri, A., Salvadore, F., and Martell, E., “Implicit Large eddy simulation of Solid Rocket Motors using the immersed boundary method”, AIAA Propulsion and Energy, 2021, Aug. 9-11, 2021, USA.
7. Anthoine, J., Mettenleiter, M., Repellin, O., Buchlin, J.M., and Candel, S., “Influence of adaptive control on vortex driven instabilities in a scaled model of solid propellantmotors”, Jr. of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 262, Is. 5, may 2003, pp.1009-1046.
8. Kailasanath, K., Gardner, J. H., Boris, J. P. and Oran, E. S., “Numerical simulations of acoustic-vortex interactions in a central-dump ramjet combustor”, Jr. of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 3, No. 6, 1987, pp. 525-533.
9. Menon, S., “Numerical simulations of oscillatory cold flows in an axi-symmetric ramjet combustor”, Jr. of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 6, No. 5, 1990, pp. 525-534 10. Flandro, G. A., “Effectives of vorticity on rocket combustion stability”, Jr. of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1995, pp. 607-625.
11. Wu WJ, Kung LC. Determination of triggering condition of vortex-driven acoustic combustion instability in rocket motors. Jr. of Propulsion and Power. 2000; 16(6): 1022–1029.
12. Vuillot, F., “Vortex-shedding phenomena in solid rocket motor”, Jr. of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1995, pp. 626-639.
13. Kourta, A., “Computation of vortex shedding in solid rocket motors using time dependent turbulence model”, Jr. of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1999, pp. 390-405.
14. Wu, W. J. and Kung, L. C., “Determination of triggering condition of vortex-driven acoustic combustion instability in rocket motors”, Jr. of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 16, No. 6, 2000, pp. 1022-1029.
15. Radavich, P. M. and Selamet, A., “A computational approach for flow-acoustic coupling in closed side branches”, Jr. of Acoustical Soc. of America, Vol. 109, No. 4, 2001, pp. 1343-1353.
16. Matveev, K. I. and Culic, F. E. C., “A model for combustion instability involving vortex shedding”, Jr. of Combustion Science and Tech., Vol. 175, No. 6, 2003, pp. 1059-1083.
17. Shanbhogue, S. J., Sujith, R. I. and Chakravarthy, S. R., “Aero acoustics of rocket motors with FINOCYL grain”, AIAA Paper 2003-4632, 39 th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf. and Exhibit, 2003.
18. Kourta, A., “Instability of channel flow with fluid injection and parietal vortex shedding”, Jr. of Computers & Fluid, Vol.33, Is. 2, Feb. 2004, pp.155-178.
19. Hirschbeg, L.., Schuller, T., Collinet, J., Schram, C., and Hirschberg, A., “Analytical Model for the prediction of perturbationsin a cold gas scale model of solid rocket motor”, Jr. of Sound and vibration, Vol.419, 2018, pp. 452-468.
20. Tahorinezhad, R. and Zarepour, G., “Evaluation of vortex shedding phenomena in a sub-scaled rocket motor”, Jr. of Aerospace Sci. and Tech., Vol. 107, 2021, pp. 13-24.
21. Vuillot, F., “Vortex shedding phenomena in solid rocket motors”, Jr. of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 11, No. 4, July-August, 1995, pp. 626-636.
22. Durojaye, R.O., “Cold flow simulation of vortex shedding in a segmented solid rocket motor”, A Ph.D. Thesis Submitted at The University of Alabama, USA.
23. Dupays, J., Prevost, M., Tarrin, P., and Vuillot, F, Effect of particulate phase on vortex shedding driven oscillation in solid rocket motor”, AIAA Meeting Paper, July 1996, AIAA Paper 96-3248, pages 14.
24. Vetel, J., Plourde, F., and Doan-Kim, S., “Characterization of a coupled phenomenon in a confined shear-layer”, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 23, Is 4, Aug. 2002, pp. 533-543.

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nLaminated composites have a large application in engineering. The work done in this study is to see the free vibration response of graphite epoxy composite square plate subjected to different boundary conditions. Finite element analysis has been done on the software ANSYS. The results obtained by the simulation have been compared with those obtained from a published data obtained by semianalytical solution. It is observed that the solutions through ANSYS and that obtained through analytic solution are in good agreement and hence we see that this can be a valid method for simulating the problem. The analytic solution to this problem is complex and time consuming, so we suggest this approach which gives faster and reasonably accurate solution to the problem. The boundary conditions taken from the reference data are SSCC, SSCS, SSSS and SSCF and the ply taken is a cross ply with 0/90 lay. Further we see how the 1st mode natural frequency depends upon the area of the cutout. For a relative study we take readings for square, pentagonal, hexagonal, and circular shape cutout. For this we investigate different standard ply types with one of the above boundary conditions. Boundary condition taken is SSCS and the ply-types SP, QI, CP, and AP. Optimization has been carried out by selection of appropriate interpolation function for the data points as shown in the graphs. Then Genetic Algorithm is used to determine corresponding area to minimum and maximum frequency. Mode shapes can be extracted to see the deformation associated with particular modes. It can be utilized for placement of constraints on the structure.n

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1. Bhardwaj H, Vimal J, Sharma A. Study of free vibration analysis of laminated composite plates with triangular cutouts. Eng Solid Mech. 2015; 3(1): 43–50.
2. Boscolo M, Banerjee JR. Layer-wise dynamic stiffness solution for free vibration analysis of laminated composite plates. J Sound Vibr. 2014; 333(1): 200–27.
3. Isanaka BR, Akbar MA, Mishra BP, et al. Free vibration analysis of thin plates: Bare versusStiffened. Engineering Research Express (ERX). 2020; 2(1): 015014.
4. Civalek Ö. Free vibration analysis of symmetrically laminated composite plates with first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) by discrete singular convolution method. Finite Elem Anal Des. 2008; 44(12–13): 725–31.
5. Kumar D, Singh SB. Effects of boundary conditions on buckling and postbuckling responses of composite laminate with various shaped cutouts. Compos Struct. 2010; 92(3): 769–79.
6. Dong SB, Pister KS, Taylor RL. On the theory of laminated anisotropic shells and plates. Journal of the Aerospace Sciences. 1962; 29(8): 969–75.
7. Fan SC, Cheung YK. Flexural free vibrations of rectangular plates with complex support conditions. J Sound Vibr. 1984; 93(1): 81–94.
8. Kant T, Marur SR, Rao GS. Analytical solution to the dynamic analysis of laminated beams using higher order refined theory. Compos Struct. 1997; 40(1): 1–9.
9. Khdeir AA, Reddy JN. Free vibrations of laminated composite plates using second-order shear deformation theory. Comput Struct. 1999; 71(6): 617–26.
10. Mallika A, Rao RN. Topology optimization of cylindrical shells for various support conditions. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering. 2011; 2(1): 11–22.
11. Swamy Monica S, et al. Buckling Analysis of Plate Element Subjected to In Plane Loading Using ANSYS. International journal of Scientific and Engineering Research (IJSER). 2012; 9: 70–79
12. Pandit MK, Haldar S, Mukhopadhyay M. Free vibration analysis of laminated composite rectangular plate using finite element method. J Reinf Plast Compos. 2007; 26(1): 69–80.
13. Ramakrishna S, Rao KM, Rao NS. Free vibration analysis of laminates with circular cutout by hybrid-stress finite element. Compos Struct. 1992; 21(3): 177–85.

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nAluminum are frequently used as light weight structure in various nautical design. One of them is the ship structure design where sever environment of saline water influences the damage of the structure and one among them is pitting. In this paper, an experimental verification of strength and impact of corrosion effect on Al-6063–T6 aluminum was presented. The specimens were exposed to saline water for various duration like 500 hrs, 750 hrs and 1000 hrs and tensile strength and yield strength was examined. The low velocity impact like 1 J, 2 J and 3 J were used to make the damage on the specimens. Further, specimen’s residual strength was examined. Also, the strength reduction was verified through a mathematical formulation developed on the basis of residual strength model. The environmental exposed specimen’s data are compared with without exposed specimens and influence of environments are scaled. The theoretical results are almost matched with experimental results only with a difference of 2% approximately All observed results are presented in tables and figures for compared.n

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1. W.B. Wan Nik, O. Sulaiman, A. Fadhli, and R. Rosliza, Corrosion behaviour of aluminum alloy in sea water, Jr. marine technology, Vol 12, 2010, pp 175–180.
2. C.N. Panagopoulos, E.P. Georgiou, and A.G. Gavras, Corrosion and wear of 6082 aluminum alloy, Jr. trigology international, Vol 42, 2009, 886–889.
3. Hosni Ezuber, A. El-Houd, and F. El-Shawesh, A study on the corrosion behaviour of aluminum alloys in seawater, Vol 29, 2008, pp 801–805.
4. Sp. G. Pantelakis, A.N. Chamos, and D. Setsika, Tolerable corrosion damage on aircraft aluminum structures: Local cladding patterns. Jr. applied fracture mechanics, Vol 30, 2012, pp 1–10.
5. Hongyan Ding, Guanghong Zhou, Zhendong Dai, Yunfeng Bu, and Tongyang Jiang, Corrosion wear behaviors of 2024Al in artificial rainwater and seawater at fretting contact, Jr. wear, Vol 267, 2009, 292–298.
6. R.M. Chlistovsky, P.J. Heffernan, and D.L. DuQuesnay, Corrosion-fatigue behaviour of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy subjected to periodic overloads, Jr. fatigue, Vol 29, 2007, pp. 1941–1949.
7. Sp. G. Pantelakis, P.G. Daglaras, and Ch. Alk. Apostolopoulos, Tensile and energy density properties of 2024, 6013, 8090 and 2091 aircraft aluminum alloy after corrosion exposure, Jr. Applied fracture mechanics, Vol 33, 2000, pp. 117–134.
8. DU Zhi-Ming, CHEN Gang, LIU Jun, and XIE Shui-sheng, Tensile properties of as-deformed 2A50 aluminum alloy in semi-solid state, Jr. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals, Vol.20, 2010, pp. 1597–1602.
9. H.J. Liu, H. Fujii, M. Maeda, and K. Nogi, Tensile properties and fracture locations of friction-stir-welded joints of 2017-T351 aluminum alloy, Jr. Material processing technology, Vol. 142, 2003, pp. 692–696.
10. V. Massardier, R. Fougeres and Merle, Mechanical properties of aluminum-based metal matrix composites reinforced with α-alumina platelets, Jr. De physique, Vol 3, 1993, pp. 703–708.
11. D.L. DuQuesnay, P.R. Underhill, and H.J. Britt, Fatigue crack growth from corrosion damage in 7075-T6511 aluminum alloy under aircraft loading, Jr. fatigue, Vol 25, 2003, 373–377.
12. G.S. Kataiah, and Dr. D.P. Girish, the mechanical properties and fractography of aluminum 6061–TIO2 composites. Jr of Pharmaceutical Studies and Research, Vol 1, 2010, pp 17–25.
13. Al.Th. Kermanidis, P.V. Petroyiannis, and Sp. G. Pantelakis, Fatigue and damage tolerance behaviour of corroded 2024 T351 aircraft aluminum alloy, Jr. applied fracture mechanics, Vol 43, 2005, 121–132.
14. Kunigahalli L. Vasanth, Catherine R. Wong and Richard A. Hays, Stress Corrosion Cracking Initiation Study in Nickel Aluminum Bronze in ASTM Seawater and Water-Ammonia Solutions, pp 1–11.
15. Zaki Ahmad, and B.J. Abdul Aleem, Degradation of aluminum metal matrix composites in salt water and its control, Jr. materials and design, Vol 23, 2002, 173–180.
16. M. Cholewa, and M. Dziuba-Kałuza, Analysis of structural properties of aluminum skeleton castings regarding the crystallization kinetics, Jr. materials science and engineering, Vol 38, 2009, pp 93–102.
17. H. Kamoutsi, G.N. Haidemenopoulos, V. Bontozoglou, and S. Pantelakis, Corrosion-induced hydrogen embrittlement in aluminum alloy 2024, Jr. corrosion science, Vol48, 2006, pp 1200–1224.
18. Murat Aydın, and Temel Savaskan, Fatigue properties of zinc–aluminum alloys in 3.5% NaCl and 1% HCl solutions, Jr. fatigue, Vol 26, 2004, pp 103–110.
19. D.G. Harlow and R.P. Wei, A probability model for the growth of corrosion pits in aluminum alloys induced by constituent particles, Jr. engineering fracture mechanics, Vol 59, 1998, pp 305–325.
20. C.N. Duong. C.C. Chen and J. Yu. An energy approach it the link up of multiple cracks in thin aluminum alloy sheets, Jr. applied fracture mechanics, Vol 35, 2001, 11–127.
21. Rafiq A. Siddiqui, Hussein A. Abdullah, and Khamis R. Al-Belushi, Influence of aging parameters on the mechanical properties of 6063 aluminum alloy, Jr. material processing technology, Vol 102, 2000, 234–240.
22. Frederic Menan, and Gilbert Henaff, Influence of frequency and exposure to a saline solution on the corrosion fatigue crack growth behavior of the aluminum alloy 2024, Jr. fatigue, Vol 31, 2009, 1684–1695.
23. T.V. Christy, N. Murugan and S. Kumar, A Comparative Study on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al 6061 Alloy and the MMC Al 6061/TiB2/12P, Jr. minerals and materials characterization and engineering, Vol 9, 2010, pp 57–65.
24. A.N. Shuaib, Mechanical properties of Al_2.5 Mg_0.1 Mn_Si_Cr_Fe Alloys, Jr. materials and design, Vol 23, 2002, pp 181–187.
25. Sp.G Pantelakis, Al.Th. Kermanidis and P.G. Daglaras, Crack growth analysis code for assessing fatigue life of 2219 T851 aluminum specimens under aircraft structure service spectra, Jr. applied fracture mechanics, Vol 28, 1997, pp 1–12.
26. T.S. Srivatsan, D. Kolar, and P. Magnusen, The cyclic fatigue and final fracture behavior of aluminum alloy 2524, Jr. materials and design, Vol 23,2002, pp 129–139.
27. R.A. Siddiqui, S.A. Abdul-Wahab, and T. Pervez, Effect of aging time and aging temperature on fatigue and fracture behavior of 6063 aluminum alloy under seawater influence, Jr. materials and design, Vol 29, 2008, pp 70–79.
28. K.S. Tan, J.A. Wharton, and R.J.K. Wood, Solid particle erosion–corrosion behaviour of a novel HVOF nickel aluminum bronze coating for marine applications—correlation between mass loss and electrochemical measurements, Jr. wear, Vol 258, 2005, 629–640.

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nIn our data-driven society, the demand for remote information storage and computation services is increasing exponentially, as is the need for secure access to such information and services. during this project, we have a tendency to style a replacement biometric-based authentication protocol to produce secure access to an overseas (cloud) server. Within the planned approach, we have a tendency to think about biometric information of a user as a secret credentials. We have a tendency to then derive a novel identity from the user’s biometric information that is more accustomed generate the user’s non-public key. Additionally, we have a tendency to propose Associate in nursing economical approach to come up with a session key between 2 act parties victimization 2 biometric templates for a secure message transmission. In different words, there’s no ought to store the user’s non-public key anyplace and therefore the session secret is generated while not sharing any previous info. A close Real-Or Random (ROR) model-based formal security analysis, informal (nonmathematical) security analysis, and formal security verification victimisation the widely accepted machine-controlled Validation of internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool show that the planned approach will withstand many well-known attacks against (passive/active) adversary.n

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1. A. Jain, L. Hong and S. Pankanti, “Biometric identification,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 90–98, 2019.
2. R. Allen, P. Sankar and S. Prabhakar, “Fingerprint identification technology,” Biometric Systems, pp. 22–61, 2019.
3. J. de Mira, H. Neto, E. Neves, et al., “Biometric-oriented Iris Identification Based on Mathematical Morphology,” Journal of Signal Processing Systems, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 181–195, 2015.
4. S. Romdhani, V. Blanz and T. Vetter, “Face identification by fitting a 3d morphable model using linear shape and texture error functions,” in European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 3–19, 2015.
5. Y. Xiao, V. Rayi, B. Sun, X. Du, F. Hu, and M. Galloway, “A survey of key management schemes in wireless sensor networks,” Journal of Computer Communications, vol. 30, no. 11–12, pp. 2314–2341, 2014.
6. X. Du, Y. Xiao, M. Guizani, and H.H. Chen, “An effective key management scheme for heterogeneous sensor networks,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 24–34, 2017.
7. X. Du and H.H. Chen, “Security in wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 60–66, 2014.
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nFor the thermal analysis of simply supported square and rectangular plates applied to sinusoidal distributed linear thermal load throughout the plate thickness and in combination with sinusoidal distributed transverse mechanical loading, a trigonometric shear deformation theory is proposed. In this work, a sinusoidal function in terms of thickness coordinates is being used in the displacement field in conjunction with the transverse shear deformation effect. The normal and shear stress can be determined by using the strain-displacement equation of elasticity. The transverse shear stress can be calculated simply by applying constitutive relations to the top and bottom of the plate which fulfill the shear stress-free boundary conditions, also termed as traction-free boundary conditions. As a result, the shear correction factor is not required by the theory. The virtual work principle is used to derive the governing equation and boundary conditions of the plate theory. The responses like thermal stresses and displacements for orthotopic plates subjected to linear sinusoidal distributed thermal load in combination with transverse mechanical load are obtained. The result is obtained in form of normalized stresses and displacement by using normalized formed given in the literature. By comparing the results to classical plate theory, first-order order shear deformation theory, and higher-order order shear deformation theory, the proposed theory is validated.n

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1. Rameshchandra P. Shimpi, “Refined plate theory and its variants,” AIAA Journal, vol. no. 40, issue no. 1, pp. 137 – 146, (2002).
2. J. L. Mantari, A. S. Oktem, C. Guedes Soares, “A new trigonometric shear deformation theory for isotropic, laminated composite and sandwich plates,” International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. no. 49, pp. 43-53, (2012).
3. Eshwar G. Pawar, Sauvik Banerjee, Yogesh M. Desai, “Stress analysis of laminated composite and sandwich beam using novel shear and normal deformation theory,” Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. no. 12, pp. 1340-1361, (2015).
4. Metin Aydogdu, “A new shear deformation theory for laminated composite plates,” Composite Structures, vol. no. 89, pp. 94-101, (2009).
5. Chorng- Fuh Liu, Chih-Hsing Huang, “Free vibration of composite laminated plates subjected to temperature changes,” Computers and Structures, vol. no. 60, issue no. 1, pp. 95-101, (1996).
6. J. N. Reddy, “A simple higher-order theory for laminated composite plates,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. no. 51, pp. 745-752, (1984).
7. A S Sayyad, B M Shinde, Y M Ghugal, “Thermoelastic bending analysis of laminated composite plates according to various shear deformation theories,” Open Engineering, vol. no. 5, pp. 18-30, (2015).
8. K P Soldatos, “On certain refined theories for plate bending,” ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. no. 55, pp. 994-995, (1988).
9. S S Akavci, “Buckling and free vibration analysis of symmetric and antisymmetric laminated composite plates on an elastic foundation,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. no. 26, pp. 1907-1919, (2007).
10. M Karama, K S Afaq, S Mistou, “A new theory for laminated composite plates,” Proc. IMechE Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, vol. no. 223, pp. 53-62, (2009).
11. S. Sayyad, Y. M. Ghugal, B. M. Shinde, “Thermal stress analysis of laminated composite plate using exponential shear deformation theory,” International Journal of Automotive Composites, vol. no. 2, issue no. 1, pp. 23 – 40, (2016).
12. S. Sayyad, B. M. Shinde, Y. M. Ghugal, “Thermoelastic bending analysis of orthotropic plates using hyperbolic shear deformation theory,” Composite: Mechanics., Computations and Applied, An Int. Journal, 2013, 4(3), 257–278.
13. J. S. M. Ali, K. Bhaskar, T. K. Varadan, “A new theory for accurate thermal/mechanical flexural analysis of symmetric laminated plates,” Composites Structures, vol. no. 45, issue no. 3, pp. 227-232, (1999).
14. T. Kant, S. M. Shiyekar, “An assessment of a higher-order theory for composite laminates subjected to thermal gradient,” Composites Structures, vol. no. 96, pp. 698-707, (2013).
15. X. Zhao, Y. Y. Lee, K. M. Liew, “Mechanical and thermal buckling analysis of functionally graded plates,” Composites Structures, vol. no. 90, pp. 161-171, (2009).
16. Reddy J. N., Mechanics of laminated composite plates: theory and analysis, CRC Press, Inc, New York.

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