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nThe current means and methods of verifying that high strength bolts have been properly tightened is very laborious and time consuming. In some cases, the techniques require special equipment and in other cases the verification itself may be somewhat subjective. While some commercially available verification techniques do exist, there are drawbacks such as being costly, time-consuming, and impractical to use in the field. The main objectives of this project were to explore high-strength bolt tightening and verification techniques and to investigate the feasibility of developing and implementing new alternatives. A literature search and a nationwide survey were conducted to collect and review information on various bolt tightening and verification techniques such that an understanding of available and under-development techniques could be obtained. Also, the requirements for materials, inspection and installation methods outlined in the Research Council on Structural Connections specifications were reviewed and summarized. The technology review effort presented herein was intended to seek a methodology or techniques which, in the near or long term, can be used to quantitatively and accurately determine the stress level in bolted connection. This required a preliminary evaluation of currently available technologies, including numerous nondestructive evaluation techniques that either have been proven in the laboratory or appear to have potential for bolt stress measurement. This paper summarizes all of the work completed during this project.n

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1. Kumar S, Mahto D. Recent Trends in Industrial and other engineering applications of NDT. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2013;4(9):183-13p.
2. Wang T, Song G, Liu S. Review of bolted connection monitoring. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. 2013;(2):1-9p. doi:10.1155/2013/871213
3. RCSC Committee A1. Specification for Structural Joints using High-Strength Bolts. Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC). 2020. Available from: https://www.aisc.org/globalassets/aisc/publications/standards/a348-20w.pdf
4. AISC. Steel Construction Manual, 15th ed. American Institute of Steel Construction (AICS). 2017.
5. Structural Bolts. Fastenal Company. Available from: http://www.fastenal.com
6. AISC and RCSC Calibrated Wrench or Torque Installation. Applied Bolting Technology. Available from: http://www.appliedbolting.com
7. Twist-off Bolts. Applied Bolting Technology. Available from: http://www.appliedbolting.com
8. Direct Tension Indicators. Applied Bolting Technology. Available from: http://www.appliedbolting.com
9. Bickford JH: Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints, 3rd ed. Marcel Dekker. 1995.
10. Skidmore-Wilhelm. Available from: http://www.skidmore-wilhelm.com
11. Bickford JH: Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints, 4th ed. CRC Press. 2008.
12. Nassar SA, Veeram AB. Ultrasonic control of fastener tightening using varying wave speed. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology. 2005;128(3):427-6p. doi:10.1115/1.2218347
13. Echometer Ultrasonic Measurement. Boltight Ltd. Available from: http://www.boltight.com
14. Harmann G. Potentials and limitations of ultrasonic clamp load testing. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1668. SAE International. doi:10.4271/2007-01-1668
15. Measuring Strain with Strain Gages. National Instruments. Available from: http://www.ni.com
16. Nassar SA. Optical monitoring of bolt tightening using 3D electronic speckle pattern interferometry. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology. 2007;129(1):89-95. doi:10.1115/1.2389024
17. Meng A, Yang X, Nassar S. Effect of bearing friction and hole clearance on the clamp load-deformation correlation in bolted joints, Journal of Materials and Manufacturing. 2007;(116):699-706. doi:10.4271/2007-01-1670
18. Tesfa B, Horler G, Al-Thobiani F, Gu F, Ball AD. A clamping force measurement system for monitoring the condition of bolted joints on railway track joints and points. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2012;364(1):1-16. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/364/1/012021
19. Meng A, Nassar S, Templeton D. A novel optical method for real-time control of bolt tightening. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology. 2011;133(6):61211-61215. doi:10.1115/1.4004797
20. The Smart Ecosystem. Smart Component Technologies Ltd. Available from: http://smartcomptech.com/ecosystem
21. Hartman W, Lecing B, Higgs J, Tongue D. Nondestructive integrity testing of rock reinforcement elements in Australian mines. 2010 Underground Coal Operators’ Conference. University of Wollongong & the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 2010. p.161-10p.
22. Zagidulin R, Zagidulin T. Nondestructive Evaluation steel bolts and studs tightening effort in casing power plant equipment using the metal strain indicator IN-01m, 11th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (ECNDT 2014). Curran Associates, Inc. 2014: p. 2553-5p.

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nLateral loads are critical in the design of high-rise structures. The buildings need to have high stiffness and must be able to resist lateral deformations and torsional rotations without having discomfort to the user. Diagrid structural system is one of the systems used in resisting lateral forces. In this study, diagrid geometry is generated using the ‘Golden Ratio’ concept and used to model 40, 50, and 60 story structures. Two more diagrid schemes are modeled to compare the results. The diagrid members are designed, and optimized sections are provided by performing iterations with different values of ‘s’ which is the ratio of lateral displacement at the top due to bending and due to shear, and a constant ‘α’. The structural performance of the proposed diagrid system is represented in terms of the time period, lateral stiffness, and drift ratio. The non-linear behavior of diagrids is studied by performing pushover analysis up to the point when one or more members reach a collapsed state. Proposed diagrid geometry shows better results than the other two diagrid schemes. Concluding remarks have been made regarding diagrid geometry, the design of diagrid members, the effectiveness of the golden ratio in diagrid geometry, and the non-linear behavior of diagrids.n

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1. C. Liu, K. Ma. Calculation Model of the Lateral Stiffness of High Rise Diagrid Tube Structures Based on the Modular Method. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. 2016; 26 (4).
2. K. Jani, P. V. Patel. Analysis and Design of Diagrid System for High Rise Steel Buildings. Procedia Engineering. 2013; 51: 92-100p.
3. K. D. Jani, P. V. Patel. Design of Diagrid Structural System for High Rise Steel Buildings as per Indian Standards. Structures Congress. 2013; 1070-1081p.
4. M. M. Ali, K. S. Moon. Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Architectural Science Review. 2011; 50 (3): 205-223p.
5. N. Mashhadiali, A. Kheyroddin. Proposing the Hexagrid System as a New Structural System for Tall Buildings. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Building. 2012; 22: 1310-1329p.
6. G. Lacidogna, D. Scaramozzino, A. Carpinteri. Influence of the Geometrical Shape on the Structural Behaviour of Diagrid Tall Buildings Under Lateral and Torque Actions. Developments in Built Environment. 2020; 2.
7. F. Zhao, C. Zhang. Diagonal Arrangements of Diagrid Tube Structures for Preliminary Design. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings.2015; 24:159-175p.
8. E. Asadi, H. Adeli. Diagrid: An Innovative, Sustainable and Efficient Structural System. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. 2016; 26.
9. G. M. Montuori, E. Mele, G. Brandonisio, A. D. Luca. Secondary Bracing System for Diagrid Structures in Tall Buildings. The Structural Design for Tall and Special Buildings. 2014; 75: 477-488p.
10. S. Sadeghi, F. R. Rofooei. Improving the Seismic Performance of Diagrid Structures Using Buckling Restrained Braces. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 2020; 166.
11. K. S. Moon. Diagrid Structures for Complex-Shaped Tall Buildings. Procedia Engineering. 2011; 14: 1343-1350p.
12. K. S. Moon. Optimal Grid Geometry of Diagrid Structures for Tall Buildings. Architectural Science Review. 2011; 51 (3): 239-251p.
13. G. Lacidogna, G. Nitti, D. Scaramozzino, A. Carpinteri. Diagrid Systems Coupled with Closed- and Open-Section Shear Walls: Optimization of Geometrical Characteristics in Tall Buildings. Procedia Manufacturing. 2020; 44: 402-409p.
14. K. S. Moon, J. J. Connor, J. E. Fernandez. Diagrid Structural System for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and Methodologies for Preliminary Design. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. 2007; 16: 205-230p.
15. G. M. Montuori, E. Mele, G. Brandonisio, A. D. Luca. Design Criteria for Tall Buildings: Stiffness versus Strength. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. 2013; 23: 1294-1314p.
16. E. Asadi, H. Adeli. Non-linear behavior and design of Mid-to-Highrise diagrid structures in seismic regions. Engineering Journal; 2018.
17. C. Falbo. The Golden Ratio – A contrary Viewpoint. The College Mathematics Journal. 2005; 36 (2): 123-134p.
18. Indian Standard. Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures-Dead Loads. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 1987.
19. Indian Standard. Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than earthquake) for Buildings and Structures-Wind Loads. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 1987.
20. Indian Standard. Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures- General Provisions and Buildings. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 2002.
21. SAP 2000 Ultimate v16.0.0. CSi America. New York; 2021.
22. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. Prestandard and Commentary for The Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency; November 2000.
23. Applied Technology Council (ATC-55 Project). Improvement of Non-Linear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency; June 2005.

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nBuilding engineers are being shown to accept High rise construction due to increase shortage and land cost. The development of high-rise buildings presents many challenges with the type of lateral load. In High rise buildings getting better efficiency and the high-strength shear wall is an effective solution. The Optimum location of the shear wall depends upon the structural shape of buildings. For irregular structures, inner shear walls provide more strength and durability of the structure, whereas outer shear walls exceeded the permissible limit of width of roof or roof space. During an earthquake seismic waves are transmitted to the surface of the earth by the shape of the local soil. The motion of earthquake wave passes through the ground which in turn alter the input motion with its ground related to motion. The physical characteristics of soil are the reason for a structural response of the structure. In this paper, unusual G+15 structure with the box type shear wall under a different type of soil in which are divided such as soft, medium, and hard soil, For earthquake zone III according to IS1893(part 1):2016 studied. the deviant structural behavior was analyzed by performing dynamic analysis using Staad Pro. Vi8 software. The axial force, base shear, moment, and displacement are read and ended the comment.n

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1. Suchta Tuppad, R.J. Fernandes, “Optimum Location of Shear Wall in a multi-story building subjected to seismic behaviour using genetic algorithm”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 2015, Vol. 2, ISSN 2395-0056.
2. Rajiv Banerjee, J.B. Srivastava, “Determination of optimum position of shear wall in an irregular building for zone III and IV” International journal of innovative technology and exploring engineering 2019, Vol. 9, ISSN: 2278-3075.
3. D. lohchab, Durgesh., “Design of shear wall for regular and irregular building using staad pro.” International journal of research in electronics 2019, Vol.7, ISSN:2155-2250
4. Mahdi Hosseini, N.V. Ramana Rao, “Dynamic analysis of HRB with C-shaped RC shear wall at the centre in concrete frame structure” International journal of research technology and engineering 2017, volume (6), ISSN: 2277-6878.
5. Rahul Sawant and Dr. Bajad “A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings” Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application 2015, 5(6), (Part-5) pp.81-87.
6. Anand, N. Mightraj, C., Prince Arulraj “Seismic behaviour of RCC shear wall under different soil conditions” Indian geotechnical conference 2010, pp 119-120.
7. S. K. Verma. And S. Maru. “Behavioural Study of Expansive Soils and its Effect on Structures” International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET) 2013, 2(2), pp.228-238.
8. K. Bajaj, and J.T. Chavda “Seismic Behaviour of Buildings on Different Types of Soil” Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference Roorkee 2013, pp. 22-24.
9 Chopra, A.K., “Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Application to Earthquake Engineering”, Pearson Education, 4th edition,2012.

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nLateral forces due to earthquake are the major consideration for design of earthquake resisting structures, these forces can be resisted by various systems like braced frames, shear walls, moment frames, etc. Energy dissipation is one of the most convenient option for earthquake resistance, as it can absorb input energy from earthquake protecting the main structure. Past research revealed that the Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) are the best type of energy dissipators which is also advantageous of buckling resistance, yielding in both tension and compression. Hence in this research work, the analytical behavior of G + 6 story building using BRB and without BRB have been compared. In this study, X, V, and Y shapes of BRB have been consider to reduce the structural responses. This study also examines the impact of sand, silt and clay soil on the behavior of the building using BRB under earthquake loadings. According to the results, story displacement and drift in case of X BRB with sandy soil shows highest reduction of 56% and 51%, whereas story stiffness yields increase of 54% when compared with other configurations of BRB. It can also be said that the performance of BRB for a building is affected by all three types of soil.n

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1. Rodolfo Antonucci, “”Shaking Table Testing of an RC Frame with Dissipative Bracings,”” 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, Vol. 13, 2017.
2. L. Casagrandea, “”Innovative dampers as floor isolation systems for seismically-retrofit multi-story critical facilities,”” Engineering Structures, pp. 20–26, 2019.
3. Haoda, Teng, “”Review of Research Progress on Buckling Restrained Braces,”” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020.
4. Niyonyungu Ferdinand, Zhao Jianchang, Yang Qiangqiang, Guobing Wang, Xu Junjie “”Research on Application of Buckling Restrained Braces in Strengthening of Concrete Frame Structures,”” Civil Engineering Journal, vol 6, No 2, pp. 344–362, 2019.
5. Nayana Surendran, Asha Varma, “”Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB)–A Review,”” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol 4, pp. 2320–2324, 2017.
6. Antonios K. Flogeras, George A. Papagiannopoulos, “”On the seismic response of steel buckling-restrained braced structures including soil-structure interaction.,”” Earthquakes and Structures, p. 469–478, 2017.
7. Hector Guerrero, J. Alberto Escobar, Amador Teran-Gilmore, “”Experimental damping on frame structures equipped with buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) working within their linear-elastic response,”” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, pp. 196–203, 2018.
8. G. Palazzo, C. Bay, V. Roldan, F. Calderon, M. Guzmán, F. Lopez-Almansa, “”damping coefficient of a building with BRB subject to three types of earthquake ground motions,”” 2017.

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