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Free Swelling Behaviour of Bentonite-Sand Mixtures in Presence of Pore Fluids of Different Dielectric Constants

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u00a0Shafi Kamal Rahman, Binu Sharma, Asuri Sridharan,

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nJanuary 9, 2023 at 5:37 am

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nAbstract

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The free swelling behaviour of bentonite sand mixtures have been studied using different percentage of ethanol-water and methanol-water solutions. Free swell index tests were conducted at different proportion of ethanol and methanol with distilled water (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). Free swell index (FSI), modified free swell index (MFSI) and free swell ratio (FSR) were determined from the results obtained from the tests. FSI, MFSI and FSR decrease with the increase of ethanol as well as methanol percentage. Good linear correlation has been observed between the dielectric constants of the pore fluids and FSI and MFSI of the bentonite sand mixtures. The study focuses on the significant influence of dielectric constants of different percentage of ethanol and methanol water solution on the free swell of bentonite-sand mixtures.

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Volume :u00a0u00a07 | Issue :u00a0u00a01 | Received :u00a0u00a0March 3, 2021 | Accepted :u00a0u00a0March 20, 2021 | Published :u00a0u00a0May 31, 2021n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering(ijgge)] [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue Free Swelling Behaviour of Bentonite-Sand Mixtures in Presence of Pore Fluids of Different Dielectric Constants under section in International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering(ijgge)] [/if 424]
Keywords Free swell index; modified free swell index; dielectric constant; bentonite; ethanol, methanol

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References

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1. Mesri G, Olson RE. Consolidation characteristics of montmorillonite. Géotechnique. 1971;21(4):341–52. doi: 10.1680/geot.1971.21.4.341.
2. Kinsky J, Frydman S, Zaslavsky D. The effect of different dielectric liquids on the engineering properties of clay, Fourth Asian Reg Conference Proceeding; 1971. P. 367–72.
3. Sridharan A, Rao SM. A scientific basis for the use of index tests in identification of expansive soils. Geotech Test J. 1988;3(208)±212, 11. doi: 10.1520/GTJ10008J.
4. Mollins LH, Stewart DI, Cousens TW. Predicting the properties of bentonite-sand mixtures. Clay Miner. 1996;31(2):243–52. doi: 10.1180/claymin.1996.031.2.10.
5. Spagnoli G, Stanjek H, Sridharan A. Influence of ethanol/water mixture on the undrained shear strength of pure clays. Bull Eng Geol Environ. Feb 2011;71(v):1.
6. Sridharan A, Prakash K, Prakash K, Sridharan A. Free swell ratio and clay mineralogy of fine grained soils. Geotech Test J. 2004, 13(4);27(2):375–80. doi: 10.1520/GTJ10860.
7. Mishra AK, Dutta J, Chingtham R. A study on the behaviour of the compacted bentonite in presence of salt solutions. Int J Geotech Eng. 2015;9(4):354–62. doi: 10.1179/1939787914Y.0000000074.
8. IS:2720 (Part XL)-1977 Methods of test for soils: Part 40 Determination of free swell index of soils. New Delhi: BSI; 1977.
9. Sridharan A, Rao MS, Joshi S. Classification of expansive soils by sediment volume method. Geotech Test J ASTM;27(2). doi: 10.1520/GTJ10181J.
10. Sridharan A, Prakash K. Classification procedures for expansive soils. Proceedings of the Instn. Civ. Engrs. Geotech Eng. 2000;143(4):235–40. doi: 10.1680/geng.2000.143.4.235.
11. Sridharan A. Engineering behaviour of fine grained soils-A fundamental approach, thirteenth IGS Annual Lecture delivered on 32nd Annual General Session; 1994.
12. Sridharan A, Prakash K. Influence of clay mineralogy and pore medium chemistry on clay sediment formation. Can Geotech J. 1999;36(5):961–6. doi: 10.1139/t99–045.
13. Mitchell JK, Soga K. Fundamentals of soil behaviour. Wiely, 2005. Hoboken, NJ.
14. Prakash K, Sridharan A, Prasanna HS, Manjunatha K. Identification of soil clay mineralogy by free swell ratio method Indian Geotech Conference 2009, Guntur, India.
15. Lyklema J. Fundamentals of interface and colloid science, solid–liquid interfaces. Vol. II. San Diego: Academic Press; 1995.

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[if 424 not_equal=”Regular Issue”] Regular Issue[/if 424] Open Access Article

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

ISSN: 2581-5598

Editors Overview

ijgge maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.

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    By  [foreach 286]n

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    Shafi Kamal Rahman, Binu Sharma, Asuri Sridharan

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  1. Research Scholar,Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College,Assam,India

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Abstract

nThe free swelling behaviour of bentonite sand mixtures have been studied using different percentage of ethanol-water and methanol-water solutions. Free swell index tests were conducted at different proportion of ethanol and methanol with distilled water (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). Free swell index (FSI), modified free swell index (MFSI) and free swell ratio (FSR) were determined from the results obtained from the tests. FSI, MFSI and FSR decrease with the increase of ethanol as well as methanol percentage. Good linear correlation has been observed between the dielectric constants of the pore fluids and FSI and MFSI of the bentonite sand mixtures. The study focuses on the significant influence of dielectric constants of different percentage of ethanol and methanol water solution on the free swell of bentonite-sand mixtures.n

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Keywords: Free swell index; modified free swell index; dielectric constant; bentonite; ethanol, methanol

n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering(ijgge)]

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References

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1. Mesri G, Olson RE. Consolidation characteristics of montmorillonite. Géotechnique. 1971;21(4):341–52. doi: 10.1680/geot.1971.21.4.341.
2. Kinsky J, Frydman S, Zaslavsky D. The effect of different dielectric liquids on the engineering properties of clay, Fourth Asian Reg Conference Proceeding; 1971. P. 367–72.
3. Sridharan A, Rao SM. A scientific basis for the use of index tests in identification of expansive soils. Geotech Test J. 1988;3(208)±212, 11. doi: 10.1520/GTJ10008J.
4. Mollins LH, Stewart DI, Cousens TW. Predicting the properties of bentonite-sand mixtures. Clay Miner. 1996;31(2):243–52. doi: 10.1180/claymin.1996.031.2.10.
5. Spagnoli G, Stanjek H, Sridharan A. Influence of ethanol/water mixture on the undrained shear strength of pure clays. Bull Eng Geol Environ. Feb 2011;71(v):1.
6. Sridharan A, Prakash K, Prakash K, Sridharan A. Free swell ratio and clay mineralogy of fine grained soils. Geotech Test J. 2004, 13(4);27(2):375–80. doi: 10.1520/GTJ10860.
7. Mishra AK, Dutta J, Chingtham R. A study on the behaviour of the compacted bentonite in presence of salt solutions. Int J Geotech Eng. 2015;9(4):354–62. doi: 10.1179/1939787914Y.0000000074.
8. IS:2720 (Part XL)-1977 Methods of test for soils: Part 40 Determination of free swell index of soils. New Delhi: BSI; 1977.
9. Sridharan A, Rao MS, Joshi S. Classification of expansive soils by sediment volume method. Geotech Test J ASTM;27(2). doi: 10.1520/GTJ10181J.
10. Sridharan A, Prakash K. Classification procedures for expansive soils. Proceedings of the Instn. Civ. Engrs. Geotech Eng. 2000;143(4):235–40. doi: 10.1680/geng.2000.143.4.235.
11. Sridharan A. Engineering behaviour of fine grained soils-A fundamental approach, thirteenth IGS Annual Lecture delivered on 32nd Annual General Session; 1994.
12. Sridharan A, Prakash K. Influence of clay mineralogy and pore medium chemistry on clay sediment formation. Can Geotech J. 1999;36(5):961–6. doi: 10.1139/t99–045.
13. Mitchell JK, Soga K. Fundamentals of soil behaviour. Wiely, 2005. Hoboken, NJ.
14. Prakash K, Sridharan A, Prasanna HS, Manjunatha K. Identification of soil clay mineralogy by free swell ratio method Indian Geotech Conference 2009, Guntur, India.
15. Lyklema J. Fundamentals of interface and colloid science, solid–liquid interfaces. Vol. II. San Diego: Academic Press; 1995.

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

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[if 344 not_equal=””]ISSN: 2581-5598[/if 344]

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Volume 7
Issue 1
Received March 3, 2021
Accepted March 20, 2021
Published May 31, 2021

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IJGGE

Steepening Pit Walls: Geotechnical and Economic Implications

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By [foreach 286]u00a0

u00a0M. Affam, P. Newton,

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nJanuary 9, 2023 at 5:46 am

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Current approach to pit-wall analysis tends to separate designs into distinct categories. The first consideration involves analysis of slope in which discontinuities actively participate in the failure mobilization. The second involves design analysis of non-structural controls which could results in a wide range of failure mechanisms. The third and the least sought for approach is the economic assessment of the slope design which could render optimized pit slope and the bench face angle scenarios economic or otherwise. The sensitivity of the third consideration has become imperative in the face of depleting pit reserves as any positive turn over in the economic analysis could revive distress mine operations. A typical operating pit sited west of Ghana’s metalogenic province which was near collapse due to ore depletion was re-designed through steepening of the slopes to expose more resource. Geotechnical, window and photogrammetry mappings were carried to augment the historical data available. Several numerical analytical tools were also employed to model the pitwall angles. Four steeper slopes were designed from the current BFA of 65° to 70°, 75°, 80° and 85°. This was done to assist in stability, reduce stripping ratio and improve cash flow. The results indicated that discontinuities steeply oriented towards east direction could make the slope highly susceptible to planer and toppling failures The studies concluded that it may not be feasible to steepen BFA from the current base angle due to the predicted steeper angles as a results of overall slope instabilities even though the potential economic benefit is substantial. If steepening would be considered, major modifications of slope geometry; rock improvement, extensive slope monitoring and a good groundwater control management mechanism may be required.

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Volume :u00a0u00a07 | Issue :u00a0u00a01 | Received :u00a0u00a0November 26, 2020 | Accepted :u00a0u00a0January 20, 2021 | Published :u00a0u00a0May 21, 2021n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering(ijgge)] [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue Steepening Pit Walls: Geotechnical and Economic Implications under section in International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering(ijgge)] [/if 424]
Keywords Birimian, auriferous, pitwall, instability, failure, economic analysis, Batter face angle

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References

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1. Dampers GD, Seymour CRW, Jenkins PA. A new approach to assess open pit Slope stability International Symposium on Rock Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering, Vancouver, Canada; 2011. p. 81–92.
2. Duncan CW, Christopher WM. Rock Slope engineering, civil and mining. 4th ed; 2004. Press S. New 228 pp.
3. Kesse GO. The mineral and rock resources of Ghana. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema Publishers; 1985. p. 5–13.
4. Griffis RJ, Kwasi B, Akosah FK. Gold Deposit of Ghana, Graphic Evolution Ltd., 160 Saunders Rd, Ontario, Canada, LAN 9A4, 438 pp.
5. David S, Danny BS. Collecting and Using Structural Data for Slope Design. Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, 8307 Shaffer Parkway Littleton Co. 2002;80127:31–43.
6. Braja MD. The principles of geotechnical engineering. 6th ed. Toronto, Canada: Nelson Publishing Division of Thomson ltd; 2006. 593 p.
7. Bieniawski ZT. Engineering rockmass classifications. New York: Wiley; 1989. 251 p.
8. Hoek E, Carranza-Terres C, Corkum B. Hoek-Brown failure criterion. Proceedings of the 5th north American rock mechanics symposium. 2002 ed. In Mining and Tunnelling Inovation and Opportunity. Vol. 1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2002. p. 267–73.
9. Laubscher DH. A geomechanical classification system for the rating of Rockmass in mine design. J West Afr Inst Min Metall. 1990;90 No. 10:257–73.
10. Stead D, Eberhardt E, Benko B. Advanced numerical techniques in rock Slope stability analysis-applications and limitation. Davos, Switzerland; 2001. p. 615–24.
11. Hudson JA. Rock Engineering Systems. Publi Ellis Harwood Ltd, England 185. pp; 1993.

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[if 424 not_equal=”Regular Issue”] Regular Issue[/if 424] Open Access Article

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

ISSN: 2581-5598

Editors Overview

ijgge maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.

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    By  [foreach 286]n

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    M. Affam, P. Newton

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  1. Associate Professor, Geological Engineering,Geological Engineering, University of Mines and Technology (UMaT), University of Mines and Technology (UMaT),Tarkwa, Tarkwa,Ghana, Ghana

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Abstract

nCurrent approach to pit-wall analysis tends to separate designs into distinct categories. The first consideration involves analysis of slope in which discontinuities actively participate in the failure mobilization. The second involves design analysis of non-structural controls which could results in a wide range of failure mechanisms. The third and the least sought for approach is the economic assessment of the slope design which could render optimized pit slope and the bench face angle scenarios economic or otherwise. The sensitivity of the third consideration has become imperative in the face of depleting pit reserves as any positive turn over in the economic analysis could revive distress mine operations. A typical operating pit sited west of Ghana’s metalogenic province which was near collapse due to ore depletion was re-designed through steepening of the slopes to expose more resource. Geotechnical, window and photogrammetry mappings were carried to augment the historical data available. Several numerical analytical tools were also employed to model the pitwall angles. Four steeper slopes were designed from the current BFA of 65° to 70°, 75°, 80° and 85°. This was done to assist in stability, reduce stripping ratio and improve cash flow. The results indicated that discontinuities steeply oriented towards east direction could make the slope highly susceptible to planer and toppling failures The studies concluded that it may not be feasible to steepen BFA from the current base angle due to the predicted steeper angles as a results of overall slope instabilities even though the potential economic benefit is substantial. If steepening would be considered, major modifications of slope geometry; rock improvement, extensive slope monitoring and a good groundwater control management mechanism may be required.n

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Keywords: Birimian, auriferous, pitwall, instability, failure, economic analysis, Batter face angle

n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering(ijgge)]

n[/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue under section in International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering(ijgge)] [/if 424]

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References

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1. Dampers GD, Seymour CRW, Jenkins PA. A new approach to assess open pit Slope stability International Symposium on Rock Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering, Vancouver, Canada; 2011. p. 81–92.
2. Duncan CW, Christopher WM. Rock Slope engineering, civil and mining. 4th ed; 2004. Press S. New 228 pp.
3. Kesse GO. The mineral and rock resources of Ghana. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema Publishers; 1985. p. 5–13.
4. Griffis RJ, Kwasi B, Akosah FK. Gold Deposit of Ghana, Graphic Evolution Ltd., 160 Saunders Rd, Ontario, Canada, LAN 9A4, 438 pp.
5. David S, Danny BS. Collecting and Using Structural Data for Slope Design. Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, 8307 Shaffer Parkway Littleton Co. 2002;80127:31–43.
6. Braja MD. The principles of geotechnical engineering. 6th ed. Toronto, Canada: Nelson Publishing Division of Thomson ltd; 2006. 593 p.
7. Bieniawski ZT. Engineering rockmass classifications. New York: Wiley; 1989. 251 p.
8. Hoek E, Carranza-Terres C, Corkum B. Hoek-Brown failure criterion. Proceedings of the 5th north American rock mechanics symposium. 2002 ed. In Mining and Tunnelling Inovation and Opportunity. Vol. 1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2002. p. 267–73.
9. Laubscher DH. A geomechanical classification system for the rating of Rockmass in mine design. J West Afr Inst Min Metall. 1990;90 No. 10:257–73.
10. Stead D, Eberhardt E, Benko B. Advanced numerical techniques in rock Slope stability analysis-applications and limitation. Davos, Switzerland; 2001. p. 615–24.
11. Hudson JA. Rock Engineering Systems. Publi Ellis Harwood Ltd, England 185. pp; 1993.

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

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[if 344 not_equal=””]ISSN: 2581-5598[/if 344]

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Volume 7
Issue 1
Received November 26, 2020
Accepted January 20, 2021
Published May 21, 2021

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IJGGE

Watershed Management of Karha Basin by Using Geohydrological, Geomorphological and Geophysical Data

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Year : June 20, 2022 | Volume : 08 | Issue : 01 | Page : 43-54<\/div>\n

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References

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1. Atlas Powder Company. Field Technical Operations. Explosives and Rock Blasting. Dallas, Tex.: Field Technical Operations, Atlas Powder Co.; 1987.
2. Jha AK. Evaluation of mine productivity and economics by effective blast instrumentation: a technoeconomic proposition. J Geol Resour Eng. 2013;1:31–8.
3. Trivedi R, Singh TN, Raina AK. Prediction of blast-induced fly rock in Indian limestone mines using neural networks. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2014:1674–7755.
4. Mishra AK. Blast Design Using High Speed Video Camera in Coal Measure Rocks. Berlin: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing; 2012.
5. Adhikari GR. Selection of blasthole diameter for a given bench height at surface mines. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. 1999;36(6):843–7. doi: 10.1016/S0148–9062(99)00051–0.
6. Ren F, Sow TAM, He R, Liu X. Optimization and application of blasting parameters based on the “pushing-wall” mechanism. Int J Miner Metall Mater. 2012;19(10):879–85. doi: 10.1007/s12613–012–0642-y.
7. Chiappetta RF, Vandenberg B. Workshop on Using High-Speed Motion Picture Photography for Blast Analysis. Evaluation and Design. Proceedings, Second High-tech Seminar on state-of-the-art Blasting Technology, Instrumentation and Explosives Applications, Orlando, FL, USA, Seminar; 1990. p. 154.
8. Sastry VR, Chandar KR. Analysis of delay timing in blasting operations using high speed video recordings, National Seminar on Explosives & Infrastructure Industry. Surathkal: National Institute of Technology Karnataka; 2013.
9. Chiappetta RF, Mammele ME. Analytical high-speed photography to evaluate air decks, stemming retention and gas confinement in presplitting, reclamation and gross motion application. Proceedings, Second International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting. Keystone, CO; August 1987. P. 23–8.
10. Vedala RS, Chandra KR, Adithya N, Saiprasad. Application of high-speed videography in assessing the performance of blasts. Int J Geol Geotech Eng. December 2015;1(2):19–33.
11. Mandal SK, Singh MM, Dasgupta S. Theoretical concept to understand plan and design smooth blasting pattern. Geotech Geol Eng. 2008;26(4):399–416. doi: 10.1007/s10706–008–9177–4.
12. Jhanwar JC, Jethwa JL. The use of air decks in production blasting in an open pit coal mine. Geotech Geol Eng. 2000;18(4):269–87. doi: 10.1023/A:1016634231801.
13. Sastry VR. Study of the impact of ground vibrations and fly rock caused due to blasting operations in Jawahar Khani Opencast Project on surrounding structures, Yellandu. Telangana: Singareni Collieries Co, Ltd.; 1997 [an unpublished report].
14. Nabiullah MJ, Pingua BMP, Singh TN. Application of high-speed video technique in blasting. J Mines Met Fuels. 2002;50(3):54–7.
15. Sastry VR. A study of the effect of some parameters on rock fragmentation due to blasting. [Ph.D. thesis]. Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University); 1989.

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[if 424 not_equal=”Regular Issue”] Regular Issue[/if 424] Open Access Article

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

ISSN: 2581-5598

Editors Overview

ijgge maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.

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