This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.
Dr. Anita Gaur,
AKANKSHA KUMARI,
- Assistant Professor, DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY, LAJPAT RAI COLLEGE, SAHIBABAD, Uttar Pradesh, India, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Student, DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY, LAJPAT RAI COLLEGE, SAHIBABAD, Uttar Pradesh, India, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Proteins are essential biological macromolecules composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds and folded into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural organization is closely associated with their biological functions, including structural support, catalysis, transport, regulation, defense, movement and storage. This review summarizes the basic features of proteins, including amino-acid composition, levels of structural organization, classification, major biological functions and important dietary sources. It also discusses the relationship between amino-acid sequence, protein folding and function, together with the effects of temperature and pH on protein structure. Animal- and plant-based protein sources and common dietary protein types such as whey, casein, soy and collagen are described. The review further considers the biological importance of adequate protein intake and potential disadvantages associated with excessive or poorly balanced intake. Protein abnormalities, including proteinuria and increased blood protein levels, are briefly discussed. Finally, the relevance of protein chemistry, protein engineering and recombinant DNA technology to medicine, nutrition and biotechnology is highlighted. Overall, understanding protein structure, function, sources and biological importance provides a foundation for appreciating their central role in living systems and their significance in biomedical and biotechnological applications.
Keywords: proteins; amino acids; protein structure; protein folding; protein functions; dietary sources; protein engineering; biotechnology
References
1. Kabir Jim H. Industrial Chemistry by B.K Sharma – $Cotha59$. Scribd. Available from: https://www.scribd.com/document/527475876/Industrial-Chemistry-by-B-K-Sharma-Cotha59
2. maxff860. Engineering Chemistry By Jain And Jain Google Books. Scribd. 2016. Available from: https://www.scribd.com/document/804443433/Engineering-Chemistry-By-Jain-And-Jain-Google-Books
3.Azzam AS. Industrial Chemistry. Scribd. Available from: https://www.scribd.com/doc/213509203/Industrial-Chemistry
4. 2018meb1269. Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries 5th. Scribd. 2018. Available from: https://www.scribd.com/document/734111055/Shreve-s-Chemical-Process-Industries-5th
5. Sivasankar B. Engineering chemistry. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company; 2008.
6. Mukherjee RC. Modern Approach to Chemical Calculations. 8th ed. New Delhi: Bharati Bhawan Publishers & Distributors; 2019.
7. Chawla S. A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry. 17th ed. Delhi: Dhanpat Rai & Co.; 2014.
8. Shukla SD, Pandey GN. A textbook of chemical technology. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House; 1977. 2 vol.
9. Suri K, Annapoorni S, Sarkar AK, Tandon RP. Gas and humidity sensors based on iron oxide-polypyrrole nanocomposites. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2002;81(2-3):277-282. doi:10.1016/S0925-4005(01)01009-X
10. Kirkpatrick S. McGRAW-HILL SERIES IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THE CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES. Available from: https://dl.icdst.org/pdfs/files1/eff2b8e8743e1059b04e4e665fa876b6.pdf
11. Indian Chemical Engineer. Taylor & Francis. 2026;. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tice20
12. Research Publication | Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. Csir.res.in. 2026. Available from: https://www.csir.res.in/en/research-publication
International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecule Research
| Volume | 04 | |
| 02 | ||
| Received | 20/08/2026 | |
| Accepted | 22/09/2026 | |
| Published | 30/09/2026 | |
| Publication Time | 41 Days |