This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.
Ruby Bhadoriya,
- Tutor, School of Nursing, Galgotias University, Noida, India
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a systemic and potentially life-threatening infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, which primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route via ingestion of contaminated food and water. It continues to be a major global public health concern, particularly in developing and low-resource countries where poor sanitation, inadequate personal hygiene, and unsafe water supplies prevail. The disease is characterized by prolonged high-grade fever, abdominal discomfort, headache, loss of appetite, hepatosplenomegaly, and systemic toxicity, which can significantly impact an individual’s health and quality of life. Without timely diagnosis and proper treatment, typhoid fever may lead to severe and life-threatening complications, including intestinal perforation, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, septicemia, encephalopathy, and multi-organ dysfunction. Early detection through clinical evaluation and laboratory investigations, coupled with prompt initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy and supportive care, is crucial to reducing morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, preventive strategies play a vital role in controlling the disease burden. These include ensuring access to safe drinking water, improving environmental sanitation, promoting proper hand hygiene, strengthening public health education, and implementing effective vaccination programs. A comprehensive approach that combines early diagnosis, effective treatment, and robust prevention measures is essential to curb the transmission and mitigate the overall impact of typhoid fever, especially in endemic regions.
Keywords: Typhoid fever, Salmonella Typhi, diagnosis, management, prevention, nursing care
Ruby Bhadoriya. Typhoid Fever: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management. Recent Trends in Infectious Diseases. 2026; 03(01):-.
Ruby Bhadoriya. Typhoid Fever: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management. Recent Trends in Infectious Diseases. 2026; 03(01):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rtid/article=2026/view=238406
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Recent Trends in Infectious Diseases
| Volume | 03 |
| 01 | |
| Received | 30/08/2025 |
| Accepted | 17/12/2025 |
| Published | 20/01/2026 |
| Publication Time | 143 Days |
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