“A Sol-Gel Approach for the Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Nanocomposite with Urea Formaldehyde (UF)”

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Open Access

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Notice

nThis is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.n

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Year : 2025 [if 2224 equals=””]14/10/2025 at 3:18 PM[/if 2224] | [if 1553 equals=””] Volume : 02 [else] Volume : 02[/if 1553] | [if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”]Issue : [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”]Special Issue[/if 424] [if 424 equals=”Conference”][/if 424] 02 | Page :

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Abstract

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nIn the performed work, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method using zinc sulphate as the precursor material. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was employed as a polymer matrix to encapsulate the produced ZnO through an acid-catalyzed polymerization process. This encapsulation aimed to improve the dispersion stability and surface reactivity of ZnO within the polymeric medium. The synthesized materials were subjected to comprehensive characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). FT-IR spectra exhibited characteristic metal-oxygen stretching vibrations confirming the formation of ZnO bonds, while additional bands corresponding to functional groups in the UF resin indicated successful encapsulation. The XRD pattern showed sharp and well-defined peaks, signifying the highly crystalline nature of ZnO nanoparticles. SEM micrographs revealed that the particles possessed predominantly spherical morphology with uniform size distribution, suggesting controlled nucleation during synthesis. EDX analysis provided the elemental composition and verified the presence of zinc and oxygen as major constituents. Furthermore, the ZnO-UF nanocomposite demonstrated enhanced structural integrity, which could contribute to improved mechanical strength, thermal stability, and potential antimicrobial properties. Overall, the combined spectroscopic and microscopic analyses validated the successful synthesis and encapsulation of ZnO nanoparticles within the UF matrix. Additionally, the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into the UF resin matrix offers significant potential for diverse industrial and environmental applications. The encapsulation process not only prevents agglomeration but also enhances the durability and surface activity of the nanoparticles.nn

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Keywords: Nanoparticle, sol-gel, urea-formaldehyde, resin, metal oxides.

n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to International Journal of Crystalline Materials ]

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[/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue under section in International Journal of Crystalline Materials (ijcm)][/if 424][if 424 equals=”Conference”]This article belongs to Conference [/if 424]

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n. [if 2584 equals=”][226 wpautop=0 striphtml=1][else]”A Sol-Gel Approach for the Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Nanocomposite with Urea Formaldehyde (UF)”[/if 2584]. International Journal of Crystalline Materials. 14/10/2025; 02(02):-.

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n. [if 2584 equals=”][226 striphtml=1][else]”A Sol-Gel Approach for the Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Nanocomposite with Urea Formaldehyde (UF)”[/if 2584]. International Journal of Crystalline Materials. 14/10/2025; 02(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijcm/article=14/10/2025/view=0

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[if 424 not_equal=””]Regular Issue[else]Published[/if 424] Subscription Original Research

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Volume 02
[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”]Issue[/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”]Special Issue[/if 424] [if 424 equals=”Conference”][/if 424] 02
Received 18/09/2025
Accepted 07/10/2025
Published 14/10/2025
Retracted
Publication Time 26 Days

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