Intergenerational Trauma and Cultural Resilience: Exploring the Impact of Family Norms on Mental Health Disclosure

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2025 | Volume : 02 | 02 | Page : –
    By

    Disha Tyagi,

  • Kajal Tomar,

  • Deepika Chamoli Shahi,

  1. Counselling Psychologist, Department of Psychology, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
  2. Consultant and Research Assistant, Speakingcube Online Mental Health Consulting Foundation, Uttarakhand, India
  3. Founder and Director, Speakingcube Online Mental Health Consulting Foundation, Uttarakhand, India

Abstract

document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_abs_197176’);});Edit Abstract & Keyword

This comprehensive review examines how intergenerational trauma and cultural resilience influence individuals’ choices to disclose or conceal their mental health challenges in family contexts. This paper utilises 50 peer-reviewed studies out of 80 in total from various cultural contexts, this paper explores how family norms, especially in collectivist cultures, impact the disclosure of mental health issues. This review paper uses a thematic analysis strategy, systematically integrating qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies to identify recurring themes associated with trauma transmission, emotional expression, and resilience strategies. Results show that in numerous families, particularly those influenced by historical or collective trauma, silence frequently serves as a protective strategy, maintained by entrenched beliefs regarding emotional control and anxiety over stigma. On the other hand, cultural resilience demonstrated through community bonds, customs, and common identity acts as a counterbalance, promoting emotional vulnerability and group recovery. The analysis highlights the interplay between trauma and resilience in families, affecting whether mental health discussions are stifled or promoted. In the end, it supports culturally aware mental health approaches that acknowledge historical suffering while leveraging cultural strengths to facilitate safe and open conversations.

Keywords: Intergenerational Trauma, Cultural Resilience, Mental Health Disclosure, Family Norms, Thematic analysis

How to cite this article:
Disha Tyagi, Kajal Tomar, Deepika Chamoli Shahi. Intergenerational Trauma and Cultural Resilience: Exploring the Impact of Family Norms on Mental Health Disclosure. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 02(02):-.
How to cite this URL:
Disha Tyagi, Kajal Tomar, Deepika Chamoli Shahi. Intergenerational Trauma and Cultural Resilience: Exploring the Impact of Family Norms on Mental Health Disclosure. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 02(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijbsc/article=2025/view=0


document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_ref_197176’);});Edit

References

1. Abdullah, T., & Brown, T. L. (2011). Mental illness stigma and ethnocultural beliefs, values, and norms: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 934–948.
2. APA Monitor. (2019). The legacy of trauma. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/02/legacy-trauma
3. Bernal, G., Jiménez-Chafey, M. I., & Domenech Rodríguez, M. M. (2009). Cultural adaptation of treatments: A resource for considering culture in evidence-based practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(4), 361–368.
4. Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson.
5. Brainsway. (2025). Culture-related mental health conditions. Retrieved from https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/culture-related-mental-health-conditions/
6. Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (2000). Wakiksuyapi: Carrying the historical trauma of unresolved grief. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 68(3), 287–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377310009517638
7. Center for Mindful Therapy. (n.d.). Intergenerational trauma. Center for Mindful Therapy. Retrieved from https://mindfulcenter.org/intergenerational-trauma/
8. Choi, Y., He, M., & Harachi, T. W. (2008). Intergenerational cultural dissonance, family conflict, parent-child bonding, and youth antisocial behaviors among Vietnamese and Cambodian immigrant families. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(1), 85–966.
9. Clauss-Ehlers, C. S. (2004). Cultural resilience: The protective role of culture in coping with stress. Springer.
10. Cultural Influences on Mental Health. (2017). The Public Health Advocate. Retrieved from https://pha.studentorg.berkeley.edu/2017/04/16/cultural-influences-on-mental-health/
11. Danieli, Y. (1998). International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma. Springer.
12. Faces & Voices of Recovery. (2018, November 30). Intergenerational healing: Recognition, resistance, resilience, and recovery.
13. Fitzgerald, M., London-Johnson, A., & Gallus, K. L. (2020). Intergenerational transmission of trauma and family systems theory: An empirical investigation. Family Process, 59(4), 1203–1218. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12303
14. Frontiers in Psychiatry. (2024). An integrated family approach in the practice of adult and child mental health care. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1298268
15. Frontiers in Psychology. (2022). Role of cultural resources in mental health: An existential perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.860560
16. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall.
17. Goodman, R. F., et al. (2010). Trauma and resilience: A handbook for mental health practitioners. Guilford Press.
18. Goodman, S. H., Rouse, M. H., Connell, A. M., Broth, M. R., Hall, C. M., & Heyward, D. (2010). Maternal depression and child psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-010-0080-1
19. Hammond, R., Cheney, P., & Pearsey, R. (2015). Sociology of the family textbook. Rocky Ridge Press6.
20. Healthline. (2023). Intergenerational trauma: What it is and how to heal. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com
21. Hodge, D. R. (2019). Spiritual resilience: A new approach to understanding resilience in the context of spirituality and culture. Social Work, 64(4), 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swy054
22. iResearchNet. (2024, March 4). Cultural variations in health disclosure. Retrieved from https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/health-psychology-research/disclosure-and-health/cultural-variations-in-health-disclosure/
23. Johnson, J. (2022). The impact of unaddressed trauma on collectivist cultures. Journal of Cultural Psychology, 12(1), 1-10.
24. Kauffman, J. (2020). The impact of family stigma on mental health treatment: A qualitative study. Journal of Family Issues, 41(9), 1289–1311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19880606
25. Kellermann, N. P. F. (2001). Transmission of Holocaust trauma – An integrative view. Psychiatry, 64(3), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2001.110248851
26. Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. W.W. Norton & Company..
27. Kim, H., & Lee, S. (2015). Cultural influences on mental health stigma and help-seeking behaviors. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 18, 15–22.
28. Kirmayer, L. J., Dandeneau, S., Marshall, E., Phillips, M. K., & Williamson, K. J. (2011). Rethinking resilience from indigenous perspectives. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(2), 84–91.
29. Kirmayer, L. J., Gone, J. P., & Moses, J. (2014). Rethinking historical trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(3), 299–319. doi: 10.1177/1363461514536358
30. Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., & Guzder, J. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: General approach in primary care. CMAJ, 183(12), E959–E967. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090292
31. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.
32. Meléndez Tyler, J., & Thacker Darrow, N. (2023, January). The impact of cultural resiliency on traumatic loss. Counseling Today.
33. MentalHealth.com. (2024, January 3). Relationship between culture and mental health. Retrieved March 20, 2025, from https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/social-cultural-topics
34. Mental Health First Aid. (2019). Four ways culture impacts mental health. Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealthfirstaid.org/2019/07/four-ways-culture-impacts-mental-health/
35. MHA National. (2025). Culturally-based practices. Retrieved from https://www.mhanational.org/bipoc-mental-health/culturally-based-practices
36. Mohankumar, R. (2022). The influence of cultural stigma on perceptions of mental illness. San Jose State University ScholarWorks.
37. PMC. (2011, March 1). Cultural differences in the reciprocal relations between emotion suppression coping, depressive symptoms, and interpersonal functioning among adolescents. Retrieved March 20, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5274630/
38. PMC. (2015, October 13). Cultural influences in mental health treatment. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9528809/
39. PMC. (2016). Beliefs and perception about mental health issues: A meta-synthesis. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
40. PMC. (2016). Culture-sensitive psychotraumatology. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
41. PMC. (2019). Cultural predictors of resilience in a multinational sample of trauma survivors. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
42. PMC. (2021). Intergenerational transmission of traumatic stress and resilience among Cambodian immigrant families along coastal Alabama: Family narratives. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8237097
43. PMC. (2022). Intergenerational transmission of trauma: The mediating effects of family health. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
44. PsychCentral. (2022). Intergenerational Trauma: How It Affects Families. Retrieved from https://psychcentral.com/lib/how-intergenerational-trauma-impacts-families
45. PubMed. (2018). Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission: A critical interpretive synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30556334/
46. Schnyder, U., & Cloitre, M. (2015). Evidence-based treatments for trauma-related disorders across cultures. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 10.3402/ejpt.v6.24750.
47. Schrodt, P., Witt, P. L., & Shimkowski, J. R. (2008). A meta-analytical review of family communication patterns and their associations with information processing, behavioral, and psychosocial outcomes. Communication Monographs, 75(3), 248–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750802256318
48. Schwartz, A. (2024). Your family ancestry: Awareness of trans-generational trauma facilitates resilience.
49. Shoup, R., Endersbe, A., Hernandez Moctezuma, N., & Balderas-Johnson, P. (2022). Expanding the cultural lens of mental health: Cultural healing practices. Minnesota State University Mankato, Department of Social Work. Retrieved from https://ahn.mnsu.edu/globalassets/college-of-allied-health-and-nursing/social-work/pdfs/cultural-healing-practices-policy-advocacy-brief.final.pdf
50. Sue, S., Sue, D. W., Sue, D., & Sue, S. (2009). Culturally sensitive therapy: Incorporating cultural values into healing practices. Wiley
51. The Canadian Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Intergenerational trauma and residential schools. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/intergenerational-trauma-and-residential-schools
52. Thomas, K. M., Smith, L., & Barlow, D. (2020). The role of cultural resilience in mental health: A systematic review. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 26(3), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000294
53. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Westview Press.
54. Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 1–17.
55. Walsh, F. (2016). Strengthening family resilience (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
56. WebMD. (n.d.). What is intergenerational trauma? Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-is-intergenerational-trauma
57. Wong, Y. J., Ho, M. R., Wang, S. Y., & Miller, I. S. (2017). The role of stigma in the help-seeking process among Asian American men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 11(5), 1450–1460. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988317710284
58. Yeh, C. J., et al. (2004). Asian cultural influences on mental health stigma and coping strategies. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(1), 68–82.
59. Yehuda, R., & Lehrner, A. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: Putative role of epigenetic mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20568


Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 02
02
Received 08/05/2025
Accepted 07/07/2025
Published 19/07/2025
Publication Time 72 Days

[first_name] [last_name]

My IP

PlumX Metrics