Electromagnetic Field Effects on Biological Systems and Safety Evaluation of Microwave Exposure

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This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2026 | Volume : 13 | 01 | Page :
    By

    IR. Dr. Kazi Kutubuddin Sayyad Liyakat,

  1. Professor and Head, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Brahmdevdada Mane Institute of Technology, Solapur (MS), Maharashtra, India

Abstract

The increasing use of wireless communication systems, radar technologies, and microwave- based devices has raised growing concerns regarding the potential biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on living systems. This review paper investigates the interaction between electromagnetic field exposure, particularly in the microwave frequency range, and biological tissues, with a focus on safety implications and risk assessment. Microwave radiation, commonly emitted from mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers, and industrial equipment, can induce both thermal and non-thermal effects in biological systems depending on exposure intensity, frequency, and duration. The thermal effects are primarily associated with tissue heating due to energy absorption, which may lead to physiological stress and cellular damage at higher exposure levels. Non-thermal effects, although less understood, include alterations in cellular signaling, membrane permeability, oxidative stress, and potential DNA damage. Various experimental and epidemiological studies have reported mixed findings, highlighting the complexity of establishing a direct causal relationship between microwave exposure and adverse health outcomes. International safety guidelines established by organizations such as ICNIRP and IEEE define permissible exposure limits to ensure public health protection. This paper critically evaluates these standards considering recent scientific evidence and discusses advancements in dosimetry and bioelectromagnetic modeling techniques used for exposure assessment. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for long-term studies and improved measurement methodologies to better understand chronic exposure effects. Overall, this review underscores the importance of continuous monitoring, regulatory compliance, and public awareness to ensure safe utilization of microwave-emitting technologies in modern society.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Fields (EMF), Microwave Radiation Exposure, Biological Effects, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), Radiation Safety Assessment

How to cite this article:
IR. Dr. Kazi Kutubuddin Sayyad Liyakat. Electromagnetic Field Effects on Biological Systems and Safety Evaluation of Microwave Exposure. Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technologies. 2026; 13(01):-.
How to cite this URL:
IR. Dr. Kazi Kutubuddin Sayyad Liyakat. Electromagnetic Field Effects on Biological Systems and Safety Evaluation of Microwave Exposure. Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technologies. 2026; 13(01):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jomet/article=2026/view=242345


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Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 13
01
Received 29/04/2026
Accepted 30/04/2026
Published 30/04/2026
Publication Time 1 Days
9

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