“Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles with expired minocycline as reducing agent: proposed as a recycling technique”

Year : 2026 | Volume : 16 | Issue : 01 | Page : 30 43
    By

    Othman O. Dakhil1,*,

  • Islam Altalhy,

  • Mohamed A. Sharkasi,

  • Ruwida M. K. Omar,

  • Yousra Fathi,

  1. Faculty,, Department of Pharmacy , University of Benghazi, Libya., North Africa
  2. Faculty,, Department of Pharmacy , University of Benghazi, Libya., North Africa
  3. Faculty,, Department of Pharmacy , University of Benghazi, Libya., North Africa
  4. Faculty,, Department of Pharmacy , University of Benghazi, Libya., North Africa
  5. Faculty,, Department of Pharmacy , University of Benghazi, Libya., North Africa

Abstract

In this research, expired minocycline, a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic, was employed as both a reducing and stabilizing agent for the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles. This sustainable method avoids the use of toxic chemical reducing agents, providing a greener alternative for nanoparticle production. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were analyzed using several characterization techniques, such as UV-Vis’s spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Edex analysis, to assess their structural, morphological, and optical properties. When measuring their antibacterial activity, silver nanoparticles showed clear activity against several harmful bacteria. The findings underscore the effectiveness of minocycline-assisted synthesis in creating bioactive nanoparticles with promising applications in biomedicine.

Keywords: Keywords: Antibacterial activity, biomedical applications, characterization, expired minocycline, green synthesis, pathogenic bacteria, silver nanoparticles, tetracycline antibiotic

[This article belongs to Journal of Nanoscience, NanoEngineering & Applications ]

How to cite this article:
Othman O. Dakhil1,*, Islam Altalhy, Mohamed A. Sharkasi, Ruwida M. K. Omar, Yousra Fathi. “Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles with expired minocycline as reducing agent: proposed as a recycling technique”. Journal of Nanoscience, NanoEngineering & Applications. 2026; 16(01):30-43.
How to cite this URL:
Othman O. Dakhil1,*, Islam Altalhy, Mohamed A. Sharkasi, Ruwida M. K. Omar, Yousra Fathi. “Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles with expired minocycline as reducing agent: proposed as a recycling technique”. Journal of Nanoscience, NanoEngineering & Applications. 2026; 16(01):30-43. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jonsnea/article=2026/view=239227


References

  1. Mohanraj VJ, Chen Y. Nanoparticles – A review. Trop J Pharm Res. 2006;5(1):561–73.
  2. Zhang L, Webster TJ. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials: Promises for improved tissue regeneration. Nano Today. 2009;4(1):66–80
  3. Schmid G. Nanoparticles: From theory to application. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2004.
  4. Kamat PV. Meeting the clean energy demand: Nanostructure architectures for solar energy conversion. J Phys Chem C. 2007;111(7):2834–60.
  5. Theron J, Walker JA, Cloete TE. Nanotechnology in water treatment applications. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2008;34(1):43–69.
  6. Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J. Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(7):823–39.
  7. Iravani S. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chem. 2011;13(10):2638–50.
  8. Powers KW, Brown SC, Krishna VB, Wasdo SC, Moudgil BM, Roberts SM. Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials. Part VI. Characterization of nanoscale particles for toxicological evaluation. Toxicol Sci. 2006;90(2):296–303.
  9. Hansen SF, Michelson ES, Kamper A, Borling P, Stuer-Lauridsen F, Baun A. Categorization framework to aid exposure assessment of nanomaterials in consumer products. Ecotoxicology. 2008;17(5):438–47.
  10. Nel A, Xia T, Mädler L, Li N. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science. 2006;311(5761):622–7.
  11. Shameli K, Ahmad MB, Yunus WMZW, et al. Green synthesis of silver/montmorillonite/chitosan bionanocomposites using the UV irradiation method. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:1813–23.
  12. Tsuji T, Iryo K, Watanabe N, Tsuji M. Preparation of silver nanoparticles by laser ablation in solution: Influence of laser wavelength on particle size. Appl Surf Sci. 2002;202(1–2):80–85.
  13. Rodríguez-Sánchez L, Blanco MC, López-Quintela MA. Electrochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B. 2000;104(41):9683–8.
  14. Kundu S, Wang K, Liang H. Microwave-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles using polyvinylpyrrolidone as a reducing agent. Mater Lett. 2014;129:183–6.
  15. Kumar RV, Mastai Y, Diamant Y, Gedanken A. Sonochemical synthesis of amorphous silver nanoparticles. J Mater Chem. 2003;13(3):524–8.
  16. Narayanan KB, Sakthivel N. Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microbes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2010;156(1–2):1–13
  17. Callegari A, Tonti D, Chergui M. Photochemically grown silver nanoparticles with wavelength-controlled size and shape. Nano Lett. 2003;3(11):1565–8.
  18. Jiang LP, Xu S, Zhu JM, et al. Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of monodisperse single-crystalline silver nanoplates and gold nanorings. Inorg Chem. 2004;43(19):5877–83.
  19. Sun Y, Yin Y, Mayers BT, et al. Uniform silver nanowires synthesis by reducing AgNO₃ with ethylene glycol in the presence of seeds and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). Chem Mater. 2002;14(11):4736–45.
  20. Zhang W, Qiao X, Chen J. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles—Effects of concerned parameters in water/oil microemulsion. Mater Sci Eng B. 2007;142(1):1–15.
  21. Wiley B, Sun Y, Mayers B, Xia Y. Shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanostructures: The case of silver. Chem Eur J. 2005;11(2):454–63.
  22. Mallick K, Witcomb MJ, Scurrell MS. Polymer stabilized silver nanoparticles: A photochemical synthesis route. J Mater Sci. 2004;39(14):4459–63.
  23. Rai M, Yadav A, Gade A. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnol Adv. 2009;27(1):76–83.
  24. Zhang XF, Liu ZG, Shen W, Gurunathan S. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, properties, applications, and therapeutic approaches. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(9):1534.
  25. Manivasagan P, Bharathiraja S, Bui NQ, et al. Doxorubicin-loaded fucoidan capped gold nanoparticles for drug delivery and photoacoustic imaging. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016;91:578–88.
  26. Kumar B, Smita K, Cumbal L, Debut A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Andean blackberry fruit extract. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2016;24(1):45–50.
  27. Raveendran P, Fu J, Wallen SL. Completely “green” synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125(46):13940–1.
  28. Huang X, El-Sayed IH, Qian W, El-Sayed MA. Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;128(6):2115–20.
  29. Wang X, Yang L, Chen Z, Shin DM. Application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and imaging. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;58(2):97–110.
  30. Sahoo SK, Parveen S, Panda JJ. The present and future of nanotechnology in human health care. Nanomedicine. 2011;3(1):20–31.
  31. Singh P, Kim YJ, Zhang D, Yang DC. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms. Trends Biotechnol. 2016;34(7):588–99.
  32. Kazmi SAR, Qureshi MZ, Sadia, Alhewairini SS, Ali S, Khurshid S, et al. Minocycline-derived silver nanoparticles for assessment of their antidiabetic potential against alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(10):1678. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13101678.
  33. Iravani S. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chem. 2011;13(10):2638–50.
  34. Narayanan KB, Sakthivel N. Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microbes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2010;156(1–2):1–13.
  35. Barabadi H, Honary S, Ebrahimi P, et al. Microbial mediated preparation, characterization and optimization of gold nanoparticles. Braz J Microbiol. 2014;45(4):1493–501.
  36. Cullity BD, Stock SR. Elements of X-ray diffraction. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 2001.
  37. Murdock RC, Braydich-Stolle L, Schrand AM, et al. Characterization of nanomaterial dispersion in solution prior to in vitro exposure using dynamic light scattering technique. Toxicol Sci. 2008;101(2):239–53.
  38. Smith E. Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2011.
  39. Eustis S, El-Sayed MA. Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold: Noble metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem Soc Rev. 2006;35(3):209–17.
  40. Briggs D, Grant JT. Surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Chichester: IM Publications; 2003.
  41. Binnig G, Quate CF, Gerber C. Atomic force microscope. Phys Rev Lett. 1986;56(9):930–3.
  42. Hatakeyama T, Quinn FX. Thermal analysis: Fundamentals and applications to polymer science. Chichester: Wiley; 1999.
  43. Lansdown AB. Silver in health care: Antimicrobial effects and safety in use. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2006;33:17–34.
  44. Cheng L, Zhang K, Weir MD, et al. Antibacterial amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomposites with quaternary ammonium salt and silver nanoparticles. Dent Mater. 2012;28(5):561–72.
  45. Franci G, Falanga A, Galdiero S, et al. Silver nanoparticles as potential antibacterial agents. Molecules. 2015;20(5):8856–74.
  46. Chen X, Schluesener HJ. Nanosilver: A nanoproduct in medical application. Toxicol Lett. 2008;176(1):1–12.
  47. Marambio-Jones C, Hoek EM. A review of the antibacterial effects of silver nanomaterials and potential implications for human health and the environment. J Nanopart Res. 2010;12(5):1531–51.
  48. Abdussalam-M W, Abraheem MS, Mezoughi AB, Ettarhouni ZO, Dakhil OO. Novel compatible silver nanoparticles functionalized by vitamin C and its derivatives: Characterization and their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Res Square. 2022.
  49. Putri GE, Arief S, Jamarun N, Gusti FR, Zainul R. Microstructural analysis and optical properties of nanocrystalline cerium oxides synthesized by precipitation method. Rasayan J Chem. 2019;12(1):85–90.
  50. Mukhtar S, Ghori I. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of garlic, cinnamon, and turmeric against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Bacillus subtilis DSM 3256. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Technol. 2012;3(2):131.
  51. Nino-Martinez N, Martinez-Castanon GA, Aragon-Pina A, Martinez-Gutierrez F, Martinez-Mendoza JR, Ruiz F. Characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized on titanium dioxide fine particles. Nanotechnology. 2008;19(6):065711.
  52. Mendis P, de Silva RM, de Silva KN, Wijenayaka LA, Jayawardana K, Yan M. Nanosilver rainbow: A rapid and facile method to tune different colors of nanosilver through the controlled synthesis of stable spherical silver nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 2016;6(54):48792–9.
Regular Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 16
Issue 01
Received 09/01/2026
Accepted 11/02/2026
Published 26/03/2026
Publication Time 76 Days
41

Login


My IP

PlumX Metrics