Thavasimuthu Citarasu
- Associate Professor Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari District Tamilnadu India
Abstract
Ocean occupies 71 % of earth’s surface and is traditionally divided into four large basins including North and South Atlantic, North and South Pacific, Arctic and Indian oceans. In India we have a vast coastal area of 7516.6 km from Kolkata to Gujarat and also many islands including Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep with vast fin and shellfish biodiversity. Human interference and both natural and artificial factors pose the biggest threat to the marine ecosystem. These days, various pollutants generated by human activity have a major negative impact on marine environments. The significance of the marine ecosystem, the state of the marine biodiversity, the marine protected area, the activities of natural and human-induced species that impact the biodiversity, and conservation tactics were all covered in this review. The pollutants also seriously affect the marine flora, fauna and disturb the food
chains. Natural radiation, storms, waves (including cyclones), volcanic lava, tsunamis, vertical movement of ocean waters, global warming, and freshwater runoff were a few of the
factors that were discussed. Discussions were also held regarding the human-related anthropogenic activities that included oil spills, hazardous heavy metals, persistent toxic substances (PTS), radiation, thermal discharges, ship-based hazards, harmful algal blooms, plastics and microplastics, ocean acidification, solid wastes, coastal tourism, ballast water, and marine littering. Ultimately, the tools, bylaws, and act were discussed in relation to biodiversity and environmental conservation. The public must strictly observe the laws governing maritime and coastal activities. The laws and acts including Indian port act 1902, Water act 1974 (prevention and control of pollution), Wildlife protection act 1972, Fisheries Management and Conservation Act – 1976, National Marine sanctuaries Act of 1972, Clean Water Act of 1977, Environment protection act 1987 and Endangered Species Act, Indian fisheries act 1987, Marine zones of India act 1987, Oceans Act of 2000 and Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000 etc.
Keywords: Conservation; Marine Biodiversity; Marine Protective Area; Pollution
References
- Barker, S., and Ridgwell, A., 2012,Ocean Acidification, Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):21
- Bhuyan, M. S., 2022, Effects of Microplastics on Fish and in Human Health, Front. Environ. Sci. 10:827289.
- Citarasu, T.. 2018, Marine Biodiversity Threats and Conservation, Examines. Mar. Biol. Oceanogr., 1(3):1-2
- Day, J., Dudley, N., Hockings, M., Holmes, G., Laffoley, D., Stolton, S., and Wells, S., 2012, Guidelines for Applying the IUCN Protected Area Management Categories to Marine, Protected Areas, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
- Doney, S.C., Ruckelshaus, M., Emmett Duffy, J., Barry, J.P., Chan, F., English, C.A., Galindo, H.M., Grebmeier, J.M., Hollowed, A.B., Knowlton, N., Polovina, J., Rabalais, N.N., Sydeman, W.J., and Talley, L.D., 2012, Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Marine. Sci., 4:11-37.
- Garai, P., Banerjee, P., Mondal, P., and Saha, N.C., 2021, Effect of Heavy Metals on Fishes: Toxicity and Bioaccumulation. J.Clin. Toxicol. S18:001.
- Honda,M., and Suzuki, N., 2020, Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Aquatic Animals, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20;17(4):1363.
- Huang, F., Lin, J., and Zheng, B., 2019, Effects of Thermal Discharge from Coastal Nuclear Power Plants and Thermal Power Plants on the Thermocline Characteristics in Sea Areas with Different Tidal Dynamics, Water, 11: 2577.
- Jennings, S., 2009, The role of marine protected areas in environmental management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 16-21.
- Keller, M., Molenaar, P., de Leeuw, J., Mooij, W., Rijnsdorp, A., and van de Wolfshaar, K., 2020, Temperature effects on egg and larval development rate in European smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, experiments and a 50 year hindcast, J. Fish Biol., 96(6):1422-1433.
- Lotze, H.K., 2021, Marine biodiversity conservation Current Biology 31: R1141–R1224.
- Luypaert, T., Hagan, J.G., McCarthy, M.L., and Poti, M., 2020, Status of Marine Biodiversity in the Anthropocene, In: YOUMARES 9 – The Oceans: Our Research, Our Future, Jungblut, S., Liebich, V., and Bode-Dalby, M., (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2018 conference for Young Marine Researcher in Oldenburg, Germany
- Parsons, E. C. M., Dolman, S. J., Wright, A. J., Rose, N. A., and Burns, W. C. G., 2008, Navy sonar and cetaceans: Just how much does the gun need to smoke before we act?, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(7): 1248–1257
- Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., and Choudhury, S., 2019, Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of India: Challenges for Conservation (Chapter 11), Coastal Management, Elsevier Inc. 224p.
- Senthil Kumar, P., 2021. Introduction to marine biology (Chapter-I), In: Modern Treatment Strategies for Marine Pollution, 1-10 p
- 16. Shaji, K.A., 2024. Plans to explore oil and gas in biodiversity-rich Wadge Bank raises concerns, Mongabay, news and inspiration from natures’ frontline in India, 29, May, 2024.
- Song, H., Marshall, J., Mc Gillicuddy, D. J., and Seo, H., 2020, Impact of current-wind interaction on vertical processes in the Southern Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125: e2020JC016046
- Ujwala, S. S., and Desale, A.B., 2023. Marine biodiversity in India: Legal framework and challenges, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies 12/78
- Venkataraman, K., and Wafar, M., 2005, Coastal and marine biodiversity of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 34 (1): 57-75.
- Verity, P.G., Smetacek, V., and Smayda, T.J., 2002, Status, trends and the future of the marine pelagic ecosystem, Environmental Conservation 29 (2): 207–237
Volume | |
Received | June 15, 2024 |
Accepted | June 28, 2024 |
Published | June 29, 2024 |