Design and Research of Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Methods for Instantaneous Use

Year : 2026 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 01 | Page : 1 16
    By

    Anish Kumar,

  • Praveen Kumar Choudhary,

  1. Research Scholar, BIT, Sindri, Jharkhand, India
  2. Research Scholar, BIT, Sindri, Jharkhand,

Abstract

In today’s consumer-oriented market, researchers are attempting to harness energy from ambient sources for sustainable energy generation leading to reduction of dependency on conventional energy sources. Energy harvesting methods offers enormous opportunities to derive energy from our natural surroundings to directly operate self-powered devices or storing it for later use. Generating energy from our nearby environment seems to be a promising solution to address the growing concerns of powering small devices and sensors. Energy harvesters are similar to transducers, designed to extract energy from sources available in environment and convert it into useable electrical energy. This research aims to show the practical implementation of Triboelectric and Thermoelectric energy harvesting using hardware prototypes and set-up. A useable amount of energy is extracted from an energy harvester and results are validated using a hardware model for real-time application. In addition, the study focuses on analyzing the working principles, design considerations, and performance characteristics of both triboelectric and thermoelectric energy harvesting systems under different operating conditions. The proposed experimental setup evaluates the efficiency, output voltage, and power generation capability of the developed prototypes, highlighting their suitability for low-power electronic applications. Emphasis is placed on demonstrating the reliability and feasibility of these energy harvesting techniques for powering sensors, wearable electronics, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The results obtained from the experimental investigation indicate that ambient energy harvesting can serve as a viable supplementary power source, contributing to sustainable and eco-friendly energy solutions. This work further provides insights into the potential integration of hybrid energy harvesting systems to enhance overall energy output and ensure continuous power availability for autonomous and self-powered systems.

Keywords: Thermoelectric generator, peltier module, TEG modules, thermal conductivity, peltier cells.

[This article belongs to Trends in Machine design ]

How to cite this article:
Anish Kumar, Praveen Kumar Choudhary. Design and Research of Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Methods for Instantaneous Use. Trends in Machine design. 2026; 13(01):1-16.
How to cite this URL:
Anish Kumar, Praveen Kumar Choudhary. Design and Research of Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Methods for Instantaneous Use. Trends in Machine design. 2026; 13(01):1-16. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/tmd/article=2026/view=241845


References

  1. Widén, N. Carpman, V. Castellucci, D, Lingfors, J. Olauson, F. Remouit, M. Bergkvist, M. Grabbe, and R. Waters, “Variability assessment and forecasting of renewables: A review for solar, wind, wave and tidal resources,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 44, pp. 356–375, 2015.
  2. Wei, J. Liu, T. Wei, and L. Wang, “High proportion renewable energy supply and demand structure model in 2050,” Journal of Clean Energy and Technology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 163–169, 2017.
  3. Ellabban, H. Abu-Rub, and F. Blaabjerg, “Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 39, pp. 748–764, 2014.
  4. M. Carrasco et al., “Power-electronic systems for the grid integration of renewable energy sources: A survey,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1002–1016, 2006.
  5. Widén, “A model of spatially integrated solar irradiance variability based on logarithmic station- pair correlations,” Solar Energy, vol. 122, pp. 1409–1424, 2015.
  6. L. Sullivan and L. Gaines, “A review of battery life-cycle analysis: state of knowledge and critical needs,” Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2010.
  7. Singh, S. Singh, S. Vardhan and A. Patnaik, “Sustainability of maintenance management practices in hydropower plant: A conceptual framework,” Materials Today, vol. 28, pp. 1569–1574, 2020.
  8. H. Lee, J. Kim, T. Y. Kim, M. S. Al Hossain, S. W. Kim and J. H. Kim, “All-in-one energy harvesting and storage devices,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 4, no. 21, pp. 7983-7999, 2016.
  9. L. Wang, “Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology for self-powered systems and as active mechanical and chemical sensors,” ACS nano, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 9533-9557, 2013.
  10. Pennelli, “Review of nano structured devices for thermoelectric applications,” Beilstein Journal of nanotechnology, vol. 5, pp. 1268, 2014.
  11. J. M. Vullers, R. van Schaijk, I. Doms, C. Van Hoof and R. Mertens, “Micropower energy harvesting,” Solid State Electron., vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 684–693, 2009.
  12. T. Todaro, F. Guido, L. Algieri, V.M. Mastronardi, D. Desmaële, G. Epifani and M. De Vittorio, “Biocompatible, flexible, and compliant energy harvesters based on piezoelectric thin films,” IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 220–230, 2018.
  13. K. Sachan, S. A. Imam and M. T. Beg, “Energy-efficient communication methods in wireless sensor networks: A critical review,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 39, no. 17, pp. 35–48, 2012.
  14. Beeby and N. White, “Energy harvesting for autonomous systems,” Artech House, 2010.
  15. Chalasani and J. M. Conrad, “A survey of energy harvesting sources for embedded systems,” in IEEE Southeast Conference 2008, pp. 442-447, 2008.
  16. L. Wang, “On the first principle theory of nanogenerators from Maxwell’s equations,” Nano Energy, vol. 68, pp. 104272, 2020.
  17. Kim, R. Vyas, J. Bito, K. Niotaki, A. Collado, A. Georgiadis, and M.M. Tentzeris, “Ambient RF energy-harvesting technologies for self-sustainable standalone  wireless sensor platforms,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 102, no. 11, pp.1649-1666, 2014.
  18. L. Wang, “Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology for self-powered systems and as active mechanical and chemical sensors,” ACS Nano, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 9533–9557, 2013.
  19. L. Wang, “Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)—sparking an energy and sensor revolution,” Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 10, no. 17, pp. 2000137, 2020.
  20. -R. Fan, Z.-Q. Tian, and Z. Lin Wang, “Flexible triboelectric generator,” Nano Energy, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 328–334, 2012.
  21. Zou, Y. Zhang, L. Guo, P. Wang, X. He, G. Dai, H. Zheng, C. Chen, A.C. Wang, C. Xu, and Z.L. Wang, “Quantifying the triboelectric series,” Nature Communication, vol. 10, no. 1, 2019.
  22. Wang, X. Feng, K. Wang, and L. Li, “Triboelectric nanogenerator: A hope to collect blue energy,” 4th International Conference on Control, Robotics and Cybernetics (CRC), pp. 157-161, 2019.
  23. Cheng, W. Tang, Y. Song, H. Chen, H. Zhang and Z. L. Wang, “Power management and effective energy storage of pulsed output from triboelectric nanogenerator,” Nano Energy, vol. 61, pp. 517–532, 2019.
  24. Zhu, B. Peng, J. Chen, Q. Jing and Z. L. Wang, “Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new Energy technology: From fundamentals, devices, to applications,” Nano Energy, vol. 14, pp. 126-138, 2015.
  25. Zhang and Z. L. Wang, “Tribotronics—A new field by coupling triboelectricity and semiconductor,” Nano Today, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 521-536, 2016.
  26. Yang, H. Zhang, J. Chen, Q. Jing, Y. S. Zhou, X. Wen and Z. L. Wang, “Single-electrode based sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered displacement vector sensor system,” ACS Nano, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 7342-7351, 2013.
  27. Wang, N. Zhang, Y. Tang, H. Zhang, C. Ning, L. Tian, W. Li, J. Zhang, Y. Mao and E. Liang, “Single electrode triboelectric nanogenerators based on sponge-like porous PTFE thin films for mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered electronics,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 5, pp. 12252-12257, 2017.
  28. Zi, H. Guo, Z. Wen, M. H. Yeh, C. Hu and Z. L. Wang, “Harvesting low-frequency (<5 Hz) irregular mechanical energy: a possible killer application of triboelectric nanogenerator, ACS nano, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 4797-4805, 2016.
  29. L. Wang, J. Chen, and L. Lin, “Progress in triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology and self-powered sensors,” Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 2250- 2282, 2015.
  30. Bertacchini, L. Larcher, M. Lasagni and P. Pavan, “Ultra low cost triboelectric energy harvesting solutions for embedded sensor systems,” In Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO), 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference, pp. 1151-1154, 2015.
  31. Chandrasekhar, N.R. Alluri, V. Vivekananthan, Y. Purusothaman and Kim, S.J., “A sustainable freestanding biomechanical energy harvesting smart backpack as a portable wearable power source,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C, vol. 5, no. 6, pp.1488-1493, 2017.
  32. Bai, G. Zhu, Z. H. Lin, Q. Jing, J. Chen, G. Zhang, J. Ma, and Z. L. Wang, “Integrated multilayered triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting biomechanical energy from human motions,” ACS Nano, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 3713-3719, 2013.
  33. Cui, N., Liu, J., Gu, L., Bai, S., Chen, X. and Qin, Y., “Wearable triboelectric generator for powering the portable electronic devices,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 7, no. 33, pp. 18225-18230, 2015.
  34. Zhu, C. Pan, W. Guo, C.Y. Chen, Y. Zhou, R. Yu and Z.L. Wang, “Triboelectric-generator- driven pulse electrodeposition for micropatterning,” Nano Letters, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 4960–4965, 2012.
  35. Cheng, B. Meng, X. Zhang, M. Han, Z. Su and H. Zhang, “Wearable electrode-free triboelectric generator for harvesting biomechanical energy,” Nano Energy, vol. 12, pp. 19–25, 2015.
  36. Xing, Y. Jie, X. Cao, T. Li and N. Wang, “Natural triboelectric nanogenerator based on soles for harvesting low-frequency walking energy,” Nano Energy, vol. 42, pp. 138–142, 2017.
  37. Xia, Z. Zhu, H. Zhang, C. Du, Z. Xu and R. Wang, “Painting a high-output triboelectric nanogenerator on paper for harvesting energy from human body motion,” Nano Energy, vol. 50, pp. 571–580, 2018.
  38. Zhou, C. Zhang, C. B. Han, F. R. Fan, W. Tang and Z. L. Wang, “Woven structured triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable devices,” ACS applied materials & interfaces, vol. 6, no. 16, pp. 14695- 14701, 2014.
  39. R. Fan, L. Lin, G. Zhu, W. Wu, R. Zhang and Z. L. Wang, “Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned plastic films,” Nano letters, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 3109-3114, 2012.
  40. K. Pang, X. H. Li, M. X. Chen, C. B. Han, C. Zhang and Z. L. Wang, “Triboelectric nanogenerators as a self-powered 3D acceleration sensor,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 7, no. 34, pp. 19076-19082, 2015.
  41. Tian, X. Chen and Wang, Z.L., “Environmental energy harvesting based on triboelectric nanogenerators,” Nanotechnology, vol. 31, no. 24, pp. 242001, 2020.
  42. Luo and Z. L. Wang, “Recent progress of triboelectric nanogenerators: From fundamental theory to practical applications,” EcoMat, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 12059, 2020.
  43. Niu, S. Wang, L. Lin, Y. Liu, Y.S. Zhou, Y. Hu and Z.L. Wang, “Theoretical study of contact- mode triboelectric nanogenerators as an effective power source,” Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 3576, 2013.
  44. Wang, L. Lin and Z.L. Wang, “Nanoscale triboelectric-effect-enabled energy conversion for sustainably powering portable electronics,” Nano letters, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 6339-6346, 2012.
  45. Zhu, Z.H. Lin, Q. Jing, P. Bai, C. Pan, Y. Yang, Y. Zhou and Z.L. Wang, “Toward large-scale energy harvesting by a nanoparticle-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator,” Nano letters, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 847-853, 2013.
  46. Wang, L. Lin, Y. Xie, Q. Jing, S. Niu and Z.L. Wang, “Sliding-triboelectric nanogenerators based on in-plane charge-separation mechanism,” Nano letters, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 2226-2233, 2013.
  47. Long, W. Liu, Z. Wang, W. He, G. Li, Q. Tang, H. Guo, X. Pu, Y. Liu and C. Hu, “High performance floating self-excited sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for micro mechanical energy harvesting,” Nature Communications, vol. 12, pp. 4689, 2021.
  48. Guo, J. Chen, M.H. Yeh, X. Fan, Z. Wen, Z. Li, C. Hu and Z.L. Wang, “An ultrarobust high- performance triboelectric nanogenerator based on charge replenishment,” ACS Nano, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 5577-5584, 2015.
  49. Kang, T.Y. Kim, W. Seung, J.H. Han and S.W. Kim, “Cylindrical free-standing mode triboelectric generator for suspension system in vehicle,” Micromachines, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 17, 2019.
  50. C. Lai, J. Deng, S. Niu, W. Peng, C. Wu, R. Liu, Z. Wen and Z.L. Wang, “Electric eel‐skin‐ inspired mechanically durable and super‐stretchable nanogenerator for deformable power source and fully autonomous conformable electronic‐skin applications,” Advanced Materials, vol. 28, no. 45, pp. 10024-10032, 2016.
  51. Yang, H. Zhang, Z.H. Lin, Y.S. Zhou, Q. Jing, Y. Su, J. Yang, J. Chen, C. Hu and Z.L. Wang, “Human skin based triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting biomechanical energy and as self- powered active tactile sensor system,” ACS Nano, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 9213-9222, 2013.
  52. Jin, B. Zhang, L. Zhang and W. Yang, “Nanogenerator as new energy technology for self- powered intelligent transportation system,” Nano Energy, vol. 66, no. 104086, pp. 104086, 2019.
  53. Askari, A. Khajepour, M. B. Khamesee, Z. Saadatnia and Z. L. Wang, “Piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators: Trends and impacts,” Nano Today, vol. 22, pp. 10–13, 2018.
  54. Quan, Z. L. Wang and Y. Yang, “A shared-electrode-based hybridized electromagnetic- triboelectric nanogenerator,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 8, no. 30, pp. 19573–19578, 2016.
  55. Zhang, Q. Liang, Z. Zhang, Z. Kang, Q. Liao, Y. Ding, M. Ma, F. Gao, X. Zhao and Y. Zhang, “Electromagnetic shielding hybrid nanogenerator for health monitoring and protection,” Advanced Fundamental Materials, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1703801, 2018.
  56. He, T. Wen, S. Qian, Z. Zhang, Z. Tian, J. Zhu, J. Mu, X. Hou, W. Geng, J. Cho and J. Han, “Triboelectric-piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for high-efficient vibration energy harvesting and self-powered wireless monitoring system,” Nano Energy, vol. 43, pp. 326– 339, 2018.
  57. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Q. Liang, F. Gao, F. Yi, M. Ma, Q. Liao, Z. Kang and Y. Zhang, “Green hybrid power system based on triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable/portable electronics,” Nano Energy, vol. 55, pp. 151–163, 2019.
  58. S. Kim, J.H. Kim and J. Kim, “A review of piezoelectric energy harvesting based on vibration,” International journal of precision engineering and manufacturing, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1129-1141, 2011.
  59. Li, J. Xu, J. Liu and F. Gao, “Recent progress on piezoelectric energy harvesting: structures and materials,” Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 478-505, 2018.
  60. Safaei, H.A. Sodano and S.R. Anton, “A review of energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials: state-of-the-art a decade later (2008–2018),” Smart Materials and Structures, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 113001, 2019.
  61. Nesarajah and G. Frey, “Optimized design of thermoelectric energy harvesting systems for waste heat recovery from exhaust pipes,” Applied Sciences, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 634, 2017.
  62. Jiang et al., “Energy harvesting from asphalt pavement using thermoelectric technology,” Applied Energy, 205, pp. 941-950, 2017.
  63. Hadas, L. Janak and J. Smilek, “Virtual prototypes of energy harvesting systems for industrial applications,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 110, pp. 152-164, 2018.
  64. Y. Nuwayhid, A. Shihadeh and N. Ghaddar, “Development and testing of a domestic woodstove thermoelectric generator with natural convection cooling,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 46, no. 9–10, pp. 1631–1643, 2005.
  65. Mastbergen, B. Willson and S. Joshi, “Producing light from stoves using a thermoelectric generator,” Ethos, pp. 15-27, 2005.
  66. F. Rinalde, L. E. Juanicó, E. Taglialavore, S. Gortari and M. G. Molina, “Development of thermoelectric generators for electrification of isolated rural homes,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 5818–5822, 2010.
  67. Lv, G. Li, Y. Zheng, J. Hu and J. Li, “Compact water-cooled thermoelectric generator (TEG) based on a portable gas stove,” Energies, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 2231, 2018.
  68. E. Juanicó, F. Rinalde, E. Taglialavore and M. Molina, “Novel heat controller for thermogenerators working on uncontrolled stoves,” Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1776–1780, 2013.
  69. Kim, S. Park, S. Kim and S.H. Rhi, “A thermoelectric generator using engine coolant for light- duty internal combustion engine-powered vehicles,” Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 812-816, 2011.
  70. Eder and M. Linde, “Efficient and dynamic–the BMW group roadmap for the application of thermoelectric generators,” In Second Thermoelectric Applications Workshop, San Diego, 2011.
  71. Liu, Y.D. Deng, Z. Li and C.Q. Su, “Performance analysis of a waste heat recovery thermoelectric generation system for automotive application,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 90, pp. 121-127, 2015.
  72. Y. Kim, A.A. Negash and G. Cho, “Waste heat recovery of a diesel engine using a thermoelectric generator equipped with customized thermoelectric modules,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 124, pp. 280-286, 2016.
  73. Yu and K.T. Chau, “Thermoelectric automotive waste heat energy recovery using maximum power point tracking,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1506-1512, 2009.
  74. H. Elsheikh et al., “A review on thermoelectric renewable energy: Principle parameters that affect their performance,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 30, pp. 337-355, 2014.
  75. He, G. Zhang, X. Zhang, J. Ji, G. Li and X. Zhao, “Recent development and application of thermoelectric generator and cooler,” Applied Energy, vol. 143, pp. 1-25, 2015.
  76. Orr, A. Akbarzadeh, M. Mochizuki and R. Singh, “A review of car waste heat recovery Systems utilising thermoelectric generators and heat pipes” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 101, pp. 490- 495, 2016.
  77. R. Bowen, J. Taylor, E. LeBoulbar, D. Zabek, A. Chauhan and R. Vaish, “Pyroelectric materials and devices for energy harvesting applications,” Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 3836-3856, 2014.
  78. Mishra, S. De, S. Jana, S. Basagni, K. Chowdhury and W. Heinzelman, “Smart RF energy harvesting communications: challenges and opportunities,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 70–78, 2015.
  79. A. Green, “Silicon photovoltaic modules: a brief history of the first 50 years,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and applications, vol. 13, no. 5, pp.447-455, 2005.
  80. J. Aberuee, E. Baniasadi and M. Ziaei-Rad, “Performance analysis of an integrated solar based thermo-electric and desalination system,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 110, pp. 399–411, 2017.
  81. S. Ong, M.S. Naghavi and C. Lim, “Thermal and electrical performance of a hybrid design of a solar-thermoelectric system,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 133, pp. 31-40, 2017.
  82. D. Park, H. Lee and M. Bond, “Uninterrupted thermoelectric energy harvesting using temperature-sensor-based maximum power point tracking system,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 86, pp. 233-240, 2014.
  83. Köysal, A. E. Özdemir and T. Atalay, “Experimental and modeling study on solar system using linear Fresnel lens and thermoelectric module,” Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, vol. 140, no. 6, pp. 061003, 2018.
  84. H. Nia, A.A. Nejad, A.M. Goudarzi, M. Valizadeh and P. Samadian, “Cogeneration solar system using thermoelectric module and fresnel lens,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 84, pp. 305-310, 2014.
  85. Cheruvu, V.P. Kumar and H.C. Barshilia, “Experimental analysis and evaluation of a vacuum enclosed concentrated solar thermoelectric generator coupled with a spectrally selective absorber coating,” International Journal of Sustainable Energy, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 782-798, 2018.
  86. Kraemer et al., “High-performance flat-panel solar thermoelectric generators with high thermal concentration,” Nature materials, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 532-538, 2011.
  87. C. Dias, F.J.O Morais, M.B. de Morais França, E.C. Ferreira, A. Cabot and J.A.S. Dias, “Autonomous multisensor system powered by a solar thermoelectric energy harvester with ultralow-power management circuit,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 2918-2925, 2015.
  88. Carvalhaes-Dias, A. Cabot and J.A. Siqueira Dias, “Evaluation of the thermoelectric energy harvesting potential at different latitudes using solar flat panels systems with buried heat sink,” Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 2641, 2018.
  89. He, Y. Liu and R. Funahashi, “Oxide thermoelectrics: The challenges, progress, and outlook,” Journal of Materials Research, vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 1762–1772, 2011.
  90. Rull-Bravo, A. Moure, J. F. Fernández and M. Martín-González, “Skutterudites as thermoelectric materials: revisited,” RSC Advances, vol. 5, no. 52, pp. 41653–41667, 2015.
  91. Yang, J. PradoGonjal, M. Phillips, S. Lan, A. Powell, P. Vaqueiro, M. Gao, R. Stobart and R. Chen, “Improved thermoelectric generator performance using high temperature thermoelectric materials,” SAE Technical Series, no. 2017-01-0121, 2017.
  92. J. Zeng, D. Wu, X.-H. Cao, W.-X. Zhou, L.-M. Tang and K.-Q. Chen, “Nanoscale organic thermoelectric materials: Measurement, theoretical models, and optimization strategies,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1903873, 2020.
  93. Ibáñez, Z. Luo, A. Genc, L. Piveteau, S. Ortega, D. Cadavid, O. Dobrozhan, Y. Liu, M. Nachtegaal, M. Zebarjadi and J. Arbiol, “High-performance thermoelectric nanocomposites from nanocrystal building blocks,” Nature Communication, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 10766, 2016.
  94. Cho, K. L. Wallace, P. Tzeng, J.-H. Hsu, C. Yu and J. C. Grunlan, “Outstanding low temperature thermoelectric power factor from completely organic thin films enabled by multidimensional conjugated nanomaterials,” Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 1502168, 2016.
  95. Jin, J. Li, J. Iocozzia, X. Zeng, P.C. Wei, C. Yang, N. Li, Z. Liu, J.H. He, T. Zhu and J. Wang, “Hybrid organic-inorganic thermoelectric materials and devices,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed Engl., vol. 58, no. 43, pp. 15206–15226, 2019.
  96. Yu, H. Wang, L. Kong, H. Zhu and Q. Zhu, “Study on the Thermal Conductivity of Mannitol Enhanced by Graphene Nanoparticles for Thermoelectric Power Generation,” Journal of Nanomaterials, 2020.
  97. Ogbonnaya, A. Gunasekaran and L. Weiss, “Micro solar energy harvesting using thin film selective absorber coating and thermoelectric generators,” Microsystem Technologies, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 995–1004, 2013.
  98. Deng, W. Zhu, Y. Wang and Y. Shi, “Enhanced performance of solar-driven photovoltaic– thermoelectric hybrid system in an integrated design,” Solar Energy, vol. 88, pp. 182–191, 2013.
  99. Escobar, M. Diaz and J. C. Zagal, “Evolutionary design of a satellite thermal control system: Real experiments for a CubeSat mission,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 105, pp. 490–500, 2016.
  100. J. Liang, J.D. Liao, A.J. Li, C. Chen, H.Y. Lin, X.J. Wang and Y.H. Xu, “Relationship between wettabilities and chemical compositions of candle soots,” Fuel, vol. 128, pp. 422-427, 2014.
  101. E. J. Poinern, S. Brundavanam, M. Shah, I. Laava and D. Fawcett, “Photothermal response of CVD synthesized carbon (nano) spheres/aqueous nanofluids for potential application in direct solar absorption collectors: a preliminary investigation,” Nanotechnology, science and applications, vol. 5, 2012.
  102. C. Martindale, G.A. Hutton, C.A. Caputo and E. Reisner, “Solar hydrogen production using carbon quantum dots and a molecular nickel catalyst,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 137, no. 18, pp. 6018-6025, 2015.
  103. Azad, V.P. Singh and R. Vaish, “Candle soot-driven performance enhancement in pyroelectric energy conversion,” Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 4721-4730, 2018.
  104. Azad, M. Sharma and R. Vaish, “Diesel Exhaust Emission Soot Coated Pyroelectric Materials for Improved Thermal Energy Harvesting,” Global Challenges, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1800089, 2019.
  105. Karalis, L. Tzounis, E. Lambrou, L.N. Gergidis and A.S. Paipetis, “A carbon fiber thermoelectric generator integrated as a lamina within an 8-ply laminate epoxy composite: Efficient thermal energy harvesting by advanced structural materials,” Applied Energy, vol. 253, pp. 113512, 2019.
  106. Ghasemi, G. Ni, A.M. Marconnet, J. Loomis, S. Yerci, N. Miljkovic and G. Chen, “Solar steam generation by heat localization,” Nature Communication, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 4449, 2014.
  107. Hu, B.A. Cola, N. Haram, J.N. Barisci, S. Lee, S. Stoughton, G. Wallace, C. Too, M. Thomas, A. Gestos and M.E.D. Cruz, “Harvesting waste thermal energy using a carbon-nanotube-based thermo-electrochemical cell,” Nano Letters, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 838–846, 2010.
  108. Eakburanawat and I. Boonyaroonate, “Development of a thermoelectric battery charger with microcontroller-based maximum power point tracking technique. Applied Energy, vol. 83, no. 7, pp. 687-704, 2006.
  109. Nagayoshi and T. Kajikawa, “Mismatch power loss reduction on thermoelectric generator systems using maximum power point trackers,” 25th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, pp. 210-213, 2006.
  110. Chen, D. Cao, Y. Huang and F.Z. Peng, “Modeling and power conditioning for thermoelectric generation,” IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 1098-1103, 2008.
  111. E. Kinsella, S. M. O’Shaughnessy, M. J. Deasy, M. Duffy and A. J. Robinson, “Battery charging considerations in small scale electricity generation from a thermoelectric module,” Applied Energy, vol. 114, pp. 80–90, 2014.
  112. Azad, “Temperature Controlled Voltage Regulated Boost Converter for thermoelectric Energy Harvesting,” IETE Journal of Research, pp.1-8, 2019.
  113. Liu, X. Wu, M. Zhao, L. Wang and X. Shen, “30–300mV input, ultra low power, self-startup DC-DC boost converter for energy harvesting system,” IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, pp. 432-435, 2012
  114. H. Chen, C. S. Wu and K. C. Lin, “A 50 nW-to-10 mW output power tri-mode digital buck converter with self-tracking zero current detection for photovoltaic energy harvesting,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 523–532, 2016.
  115. Yu, M. Chen, C. Wu, K.T. Tang and G. Wang, “A batteryless and single inductor DC-DC boost converter for thermoelectric energy harvesting application with 190mV cold-start voltage,” IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 1-4, 2018.
  116. Hammerle, M. Haynes, and S. Mcneil, “Use of automatic vehicle location and passenger count data to evaluate bus operations: experience of the Chicago Transit Authority, Illinois,” Transportation Research Record, vol. 1903, no. 1, pp. 27–34, 2005.
  117. Yang and L. S. C. Pun-Cheng, “Vehicle detection in intelligent transportation systems and its applications under varying environments: A review,” Image and Vision Computing, vol. 69, pp. 143–154, 2018.
  118. Frontoni, A. Mancini, R. Pierdicca, M. Sturari and P. Zingaretti, “Analysing human movements at mass events: A novel mobile-based management system based on active beacons and AVM,” 24th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation , pp. 605-610, 2016.
  119. K. H. Majumdar, H. Biswas, M. H. A. Shaim and K. T. Ahmmed, “Automated energy saving and safety system,” International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information & Communication Technology, pp. 1-6, 2014.
  120. Waradkar, H. Ramina, V. Maitry, T. Ansurkar, A. Rawat and M. P. Das, “Automated room light controller with visitor counter,” Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 777–780, 2016.
  121. Shajahan, “ARM Based Electronic Notice Board through Zigbee with Room Lights Control using PIR Sensor,” 2014.
  122. N. Naik, M.M. Reddy, S. Kanungo and S.S. Kar, “Speed detection device in road traffic accidents: A realistic approach in India!”, Journal of family medicine and primary care, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 741, 2016.
  123. Van Niekerk, S. Suffla and M. Seedat, “Crime, Violence and Injury Prevention in South Africa: Developments and Challenges, Medical Research Council-University of South Africa Crime,” Violence and Injury Lead Programme, Johannesburg: Psychological Society of South Africa, pp. 8- 22, 2004.
  124. V. Schoor, J.L.V. Niekerk and B. Grobbelaar, “Mechanical failures as a contributing cause to motor vehicle accidents—South Africa,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 33, pp. 713-21, 2001.
  125. R Tiwari and G. B Ganveer, “A Study on Human Risk Factors in Non-fatal Road Traffic accidents at Nagpur,” Indian Journal of Public Health, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 197-199, 2008.
  126. Elvik, R. Christensen and A. Amundsen, “Speed and road accidents. An evaluation of the Power Model”, TØI report, pp. 740, 2004.
  127. L. Wang, “Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology and self-powered sensors– Principles, problems and perspectives,” Faraday discussions, vol. 176, pp. 447-458, 2015.
  128. Ha, J. Park, Y. Lee and H. Ko, “Triboelectric generators and sensors for self-powered wearable electronics,” ACS Nano, Vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 3421-7 2015,
  129. Invernizzi, S. Dulio, M. Patrini, G. Guizzetti and P. Mustarelli, “Energy harvesting from human motion: materials and techniques,” Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 45, no. 20, pp. 5455-73, 2016.
  130. Azad and R. Vaish, “Portable triboelectric based wind energy harvester for low power applications,” European Physical Journal – Plus, vol. 132, no. 6, pp. 253, 2017.
  131. A. Badamasi, “The working principle of an Arduino,” IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computer and Computation, pp. 1-4, 2014.
  132. Yadav and P. Azad, “Design and implementation of robust low cost and low power prototype for generic counting system,” IEEE International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation, pp. 1493-1498, 2017.
  133. Chaudhary and P. Azad, P., “Demonstration of double electrode vertical-sliding triboelectric generator,” IEEE International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation, pp. 1483-1487, 2017.
  134. Khushboo and P. Azad, “Triboelectric Nanogenerator based on Vertical Contact Separation Mode for Energy Harvesting,” IEEE International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation, pp. 1499-1501, 2017.
  135. W. Cook, S. Lanzisera and K. S. J. Pister, “SoC Issues for RF Smart Dust,” IEEE, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 1177–1196, 2006.
  136. D. Mitcheson, E. M. Yeatman, G. K. Rao, A. S. Holmes and T. C. Green, “Energy harvesting from human and machine motion for wireless electronic devices,” IEEE, vol. 96, no. 9, pp. 1457– 1486, 2008.
  137. Torfs, V. Leonov, C. Van Hoof and B. Gyselinckx, “Body-heat powered autonomous pulse oximeter,” IEEE Conference on Sensors, pp. 427-430, 2006.
  138. M. Pletcher, S. Gambini and J. M. Rabaey, “A 2GHz 52µW wake-up receiver with -72dBm sensitivity using uncertain-IF architecture,” IEEE Jornal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 269-280, 2008.
  139. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Silver, Y. Shakhsheer, M. Nagaraju, A. Klinefelter, J. Pandey, J. Boley, E. Carlson, A. Shrivastava and B. Otis, “A batteryless 19µW MICS/ISM-Band energy harvesting body sensor node SoC for ExG applications,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 199–213, 2012.
  140. S. Lin, D. Sylvester and D. Blaauw, “An ultra low power 1V, 220nW temperature sensor for passive wireless applications,” IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp. 507-510, 2008.
  141. J.M. Vullers, R. van Schaijk, I. Doms, C. Van Hoof and R. Mertens, “Micropower energy harvesting,” Solid-State Electronics, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 684-693, 2009.
  142. D. Prades, R. Jimenez-Diaz, F. Hernandez-Ramirez, S. Barth, A. Cirera, A. Romano-Rodriguez, S. Mathur and J.R. Morante, “Ultralow power consumption gas sensors based on self-heated individual nanowires,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 93, no. 12, pp. 123110, 2008.
  143. Kishi, H. Nemoto, T. Hamao, M. Yamamoto, S. Sudou, M. Mandai and S. Yamamoto, “Micro thermoelectric modules and their application to wristwatches as an energy source,” International Conference on Thermoelectrics, pp. 301-307, 2003.
  144. Ambrosi, H. Williams and P. Samara-Ratna, “Americium-241 radioisotope thermoelectric generator development for space applications”, 2013.
  145. Lofy and L. E. Bell, “Thermoelectrics for environmental control in automobiles,” International Conference on Thermoelectrics, pp. 471-476, 2003.
  146. Lagrandeur, D. Crane and A. Eder, “Vehicle fuel economy improvement through thermoelectric waste heat recovery,” in DEER conference, pp. 1–24, 2005.
  147. C. Bass, N. B. Elsner and F. A. Leavitt, “Performance of the 1 kW thermoelectric generator for diesel engines,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 316, no. 1, 295-298, 1994.
  148. Y. Nuwayhid, D. M. Rowe and G. Min, “Low cost stove-top thermoelectric generator for regions with unreliable electricity supply,” Renewable Energy, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 205–222, 2003.
  149. Frobenius, G. Gaiser, U. Rusche and B. Weller, “Thermoelectric generators for the integration into automotive exhaust systems for passenger cars and commercial vehicles,” Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 1433–1440, 2016.
Regular Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 13
Issue 01
Received 06/01/2026
Accepted 28/01/2026
Published 16/02/2026
Publication Time 41 Days
8

Login


My IP

PlumX Metrics