Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Concrete Using Bakelite Powder: A Review

Year : 2025 | Volume : 15 | Issue : 01 | Page : 6-10
    By

    Pawan Kumar,

  • Karan Gautam,

  • Abhinav Singh,

  • Secchi Yadav,

  • Shakti Kumar,

Abstract

document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_abs_183356’);});Edit Abstract & Keyword

This review explores the feasibility of incorporating Bakelite, a thermosetting synthetic polymer known for its durability, heat resistance, and insulating properties, as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. The increasing focus on sustainable construction practices has driven interest in utilizing industrial waste materials like Bakelite to reduce environmental pollution while enhancing concrete performance. Bakelite, often discarded as industrial waste, presents an opportunity to improve the mechanical and durability properties of concrete mixtures when used as a substitute for traditional fine aggregate. This study examines the influence of Bakelite on key properties of concrete, including workability, compressive strength, and resistance to aggressive environmental conditions. Research findings suggest that while the inclusion of Bakelite enhances properties such as compressive strength and durability, challenges in achieving optimal workability may arise due to its material characteristics. The review evaluates the performance of Bakelite in various concrete mixes, with a particular focus on its application in M25 grade concrete, which is widely used in construction. The investigation aims to determine whether Bakelite can significantly improve the compressive strength and durability of concrete without compromiing other essential properties. The analysis also highlights areas for further research, such as optimizing mix proportions and addressing potential limitations related to compaction and workability. Ultimately, this study contributes to advancing the understanding of Bakelite’s potential as a sustainable and effective material in concrete production.

Keywords: Bakelite waste, fine aggregate, concrete, compressive strength, durability, m25 grade, sustainable construction, industrial waste

[This article belongs to Recent Trends in Civil Engineering & Technology ]

How to cite this article:
Pawan Kumar, Karan Gautam, Abhinav Singh, Secchi Yadav, Shakti Kumar. Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Concrete Using Bakelite Powder: A Review. Recent Trends in Civil Engineering & Technology. 2025; 15(01):6-10.
How to cite this URL:
Pawan Kumar, Karan Gautam, Abhinav Singh, Secchi Yadav, Shakti Kumar. Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Concrete Using Bakelite Powder: A Review. Recent Trends in Civil Engineering & Technology. 2025; 15(01):6-10. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rtcet/article=2025/view=0


document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_ref_183356’);});Edit

References

  1. Gupta G, Rajnesh. Partial use of Bakelite powder in concrete structures as an alternative to natural sand. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol. 2022 Sep;11:ISSN 2321-9653.
  2. Bhopi RR, Sinha M. An experimental study of concrete by partial replacement of fine aggregate with Bakelite waste. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2022;1032:012040.
  3. Vadivel M, Selvaram P, Ashok Kumar K, Sukumar. Partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete by using Bakelite waste (thermosetting plastic). 2019 Mar-Apr;10(2):ISSN Online 0976-6499.
  4. Sakthi S, Uma RN. A critical review on the application of Bakelite as a partial replacement of fine and coarse aggregate. 2018 Nov;4(11):ISSN [ONLINE] 2395-1052.
  5. Huseien GF, Sam ARM, Shah KW, Budiea AMA, Mirza J. Utilizing spent garnets as sand replacement in alkali-activated mortars containing fly ash and GBFS. Constr Build Mater. 2019;225:132–145.
  6. Agrawal US, Wanjari SP, Naresh DN. Characteristic study of geopolymer fly ash sand as a replacement to natural river sand. Constr Build Mater. 2017;150:681–688.
  7. Cohen B. Urbanization in developing countries: current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Technol Soc. 2006;28(1-2):63–80.
  8. Klun B, Rozman U, Ogrizek M, Kalčíkova G. The first plastic produced, but the latest studied in microplastics research: the assessment of leaching, ecotoxicity and bioadhesion of Bakelite microplastics. Environ Pollut. 2022;307:119454.
  9. Bidabadi MS, Akbari M, Panahi O. Optimum mix design of recycled concrete based on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. J Build Eng. 2020.
  10. Science Museum. Bakelite: The First Synthetic Plastic. Available from: https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/bakelite-the-first-synthetic-plastic/.
  11. Gebremariam AT, Vahidi A, Di Maio F, Moreno-Juez J, Vegas-Ramiro I, Łagosz A, et al. Comprehensive study on the most sustainable concrete design made of recycled concrete, glass, and mineral wool from C&D wastes. Constr Build Mater. 2021;273:121697.
  12. Dhunna R, Khanna R, Mansuri I, Sahajwalla V. Recycling waste Bakelite as an alternative carbon resource for ironmaking applications. ISIJ Int. 2014;54(3):613–619.
  13. Al-Hadithi AI, Hilal NN. The possibility of enhancing some properties of self-compacting concrete by adding waste plastic fibers. J Build Eng. 2016;8.
  14. Canopoli L, Fidalgo B, Coulon F, Wagland ST. Physico-chemical properties of excavated plastic from landfill mining and current recycling routes. Waste Manag. 2018;76:55–67.
  15. Crespy D, Bozonnet M, Meier M. 100 years of Bakelite, the material of a 1000 uses. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2008;47(18):3322–3328.
  16. Naresh Kumar DV, Ganga Raju PM, Avinash P, Rambabu G. A study on compressive strength of concrete by partial replacement of coarse aggregate with coconut shell and addition of fiber. Int J Civ Eng Res. 2017;8(1):57–68.
  17. Parveen, Dhillon V. Alternate construction materials and their comparisons with regular concrete. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol. 2017;6(6):115–124.
  18. Freedonia Group. World Construction Aggregates. Available from: https://www.freedoniagroup.com/World-Construction-Aggregates.html.
  19. Akhtar A, Sarmah AK. Construction and demolition waste generation and properties of recycled aggregate concrete: a global perspective. J Clean Prod. 2018;186:262–281.
  20. Fediuk R. High-strength fibrous concrete of Russian Far East natural materials. Mater Sci Eng Conf Ser. 2016;AA:12020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/116/1/012020.
  21. Vandana M, John SE, Maya K, Sunny S, Padmalal D. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) of hard rock quarrying in a tropical river basin—study from the SW India. Environ Monit Assess. 2020;192:1–18.
  22. Surendranath A, Ramana PV. Valorization of Bakelite plastic waste aimed at auxiliary comprehensive concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2022;325:126851.
  23. Ramana PV. Temperature effect and microstructural enactment on recycled fiber concrete. Mater Today: Proc. 2022;66:2626–2635.
  24. Sakthi Sasmitha S, Uma RN. Student M.E. (CEM), Civil Engineering Department, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology/Anna University, Coimbatore, India. Head of Department, Civil Engineering Department, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology/Anna University, Coimbatore, India.
  25. Clement M, Rohini K, Krishna Kumar P, Boopathi M. Assistant Professor, UG student, Associate Professor & Head, PG student, Department of Civil Engineering, Rathinam Technical Campus, Eachanari, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
  26. Murali K, Sambath K. Professor in Civil Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. PG Scholar, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
  27. Sudarshan DK, Vyas AK. Impact of fire on mechanical properties of concrete containing marble waste. J King Saud Univ-Eng Sci. 2019;31(1):42–51.
  28. Usahanunth N, Tuprakay S, Kongsong W, Tuprakay SR. Study of mechanical properties and recommendations for the application of waste Bakelite aggregate concrete. Case Stud Constr Mater. 2018;8:299–314.
  29. Raongjant W, Jing M, Khamput P. Lightweight concrete blocks by using waste plastic. Int J Control Theory Appl. 2016;9(43):34–39.
  30. Raja LA, Hameed MS, Kumar P, Ragunath SK. Study on flexural behavior of concrete by partially replacing fine aggregate with E-plastic waste.
Regular Issue Subscription Review Article
Volume 15
Issue 01
Received 21/11/2024
Accepted 17/12/2024
Published 01/01/2025
Publication Time 41 Days
224

async function fetchCitationCount(doi) {
let apiUrl = `https://api.crossref.org/works/${doi}`;
try {
let response = await fetch(apiUrl);
let data = await response.json();
let citationCount = data.message[“is-referenced-by-count”];
document.getElementById(“citation-count”).innerText = `Citations: ${citationCount}`;
} catch (error) {
console.error(“Error fetching citation count:”, error);
document.getElementById(“citation-count”).innerText = “Citations: Data unavailable”;
}
}
fetchCitationCount(“10.37591/RTCET.v15i01.0”);

Loading citations…

PlumX Metrics