Nanoparticle and Lipid-Based Vaccine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review of Platforms, Stability, Pharmacokinetics, and Immune Modulation

Year : 2026 | Volume : 16 | Issue : 01 | Page : 18 36
    By

    Priyanshu Upadhyay,

  • Anand Prakash,

  • Nikhil Vishwakarma,

  1. Student, Department of Pharmacy, P. K. University, Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh, India
  2. Student, Department of Pharmacy, S. N. College of Pharmacy, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
  3. Student, Department of Pharmacy, S. N. College of Pharmacy, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

The rapid evolution of vaccine technologies over the past decade has highlighted the transformative role of nanoparticle (NP) and lipid-based delivery systems in modern immunization practices. These platforms – including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes, nanoemulsions, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) – enable enhanced antigen stability, improved cellular uptake, targeted antigen delivery, and potent immune activation. This systematic review critically examines the physicochemical foundations, manufacturing approaches, stability challenges, pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior, and immunomodulatory mechanisms underlying these platforms. Published studies from 2000–2025 were analyzed using PRISMA guidelines. The review synthesizes evidence on formulation performance, biodistribution patterns, antigen release kinetics, and immune response modulation (innate and adaptive). Moreover, comparative insights between NP-based and lipid-based vaccines are provided, along with current applications in mRNA vaccines, viral subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and next-generation platforms. Key limitations, toxicity concerns, and future development strategies – including thermostable formulations, targeted delivery, modular vaccine platforms, and scalable continuous-flow manufacturing – are discussed. The review concludes that nanoparticle and lipid systems remain central to the future of vaccinology, providing adaptable, potent, and clinically translatable solutions for emerging infectious threats and precision immunization

Keywords: Biodistribution, immune modulation, lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, mRNA vaccines, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, pharmacokinetics, solid lipid nanoparticles, stability, vaccine delivery

[This article belongs to Research and Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology ]

How to cite this article:
Priyanshu Upadhyay, Anand Prakash, Nikhil Vishwakarma. Nanoparticle and Lipid-Based Vaccine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review of Platforms, Stability, Pharmacokinetics, and Immune Modulation. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. 2026; 16(01):18-36.
How to cite this URL:
Priyanshu Upadhyay, Anand Prakash, Nikhil Vishwakarma. Nanoparticle and Lipid-Based Vaccine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review of Platforms, Stability, Pharmacokinetics, and Immune Modulation. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. 2026; 16(01):18-36. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjot/article=2026/view=240834


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Regular Issue Subscription Review Article
Volume 16
Issue 01
Received 16/01/2026
Accepted 14/02/2026
Published 15/04/2026
Publication Time 89 Days
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