Tarak Yogesh Kumar Shah,
Adwait Mevada,
- Research Scholar, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Monark University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Monark University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a widely studied ferroelectric material because of its high dielectric
permittivity and strong potential for electrostatic energy storage applications. In this study, BaTiO3
nanoceramics were synthesized using a controlled sol–gel processing route to investigate the influence
of synthesis conditions on their dielectric relaxation and energy storage performance. The synthesized
powders were calcined and subsequently sintered at temperatures ranging from 1100°C to 1300°C.
Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a single-phase tetragonal
perovskite BaTiO3 with crystallite sizes in the range of 65–85 nm. Microstructural examination revealed
uniform nanograins with grain sizes varying from 120 nm to 260 nm depending on the sintering
temperature. Dielectric measurements performed in the frequency range of 1 kHz–1 MHz showed
typical dielectric dispersion behavior, with the highest dielectric constant of ≈2450 at 1 kHz obtained
for the sample sintered at 1200°C, along with low dielectric loss (tan δ < 0.02). Ferroelectric
characterization using polarization–electric field (P–E) hysteresis loops indicated improved
polarization behavior with maximum polarization (Pmax) of 12.8 μC/cm2 and remnant polarization
(Pr) of 1.6 μC/cm2. The optimized sample exhibited a recoverable energy density of ~1.68 J/cm3 with
an energy storage efficiency of ~84%, indicating efficient energy storage capability. The results
demonstrate that controlled sol–gel processing and optimized sintering conditions significantly
enhance the dielectric and energy storage properties of BaTiO3 nanoceramics. These findings highlight
the importance of microstructural control in improving the performance of lead-free dielectric
materials and support the potential application of BaTiO3 nanoceramics in advanced dielectric
capacitors and pulsed power energy storage devices.
Keywords: BaTiO3 nanoceramics, sol–gel synthesis, dielectric properties, dielectric relaxation, energy storage density, ferroelectric capacitors
[This article belongs to Research & Reviews : Journal of Physics ]
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Research & Reviews : Journal of Physics
| Volume | 15 | |
| Issue | 02 | |
| Received | 17/03/2026 | |
| Accepted | 26/05/2026 | |
| Published | 10/06/2026 | |
| Publication Time | 85 Days |