Exploring the Complexities of Parkinson’s Disease

Year : 2024 | Volume : 14 | Issue : 03 | Page : 1 8
    By

    Fahima Tanveer,

  1. Researcher, Department of Neurosciences, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder, primarily affecting older adults, marked by both motor and non-motor symptoms. This review explores PD as a multisystem disorder that influences the central, enteric, and autonomic nervous systems, along with the immune system and gastrointestinal tract. Key pathogenic features include the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra and the formation of Lewy bodies containing misfolded α-synuclein proteins. The bradykinesia, tremors, stiffness, and abnormalities in gait are motor symptoms caused by the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway degeneration. Non-motor symptoms, including cognitive decline, neurobehavioral issues, sleep disturbances, and autonomic dysfunction, often precede motor symptoms, significantly affecting quality of life. The pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) includes genetic mutations, abnormal protein buildup, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by neuroimaging and biochemical markers. Treatment focuses on symptom management through pharmacological therapies like levodopa, dopamine agonists, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, along with non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise and speech therapy. Surgical techniques like Deep brain stimulation and newly developed gene therapies may be beneficial in advanced situations. This review highlights the necessity for ongoing research to better understand PD’s underlying mechanisms and to develop more effective treatments to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, substantia nigra, motor symptoms, Lewy bodies, surgical techniques, pharmacological therapies

[This article belongs to Research & Reviews: A Journal of Neuroscience ]

How to cite this article:
Fahima Tanveer. Exploring the Complexities of Parkinson’s Disease. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Neuroscience. 2024; 14(03):1-8.
How to cite this URL:
Fahima Tanveer. Exploring the Complexities of Parkinson’s Disease. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Neuroscience. 2024; 14(03):1-8. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjons/article=2024/view=181792


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Regular Issue Subscription Review Article
Volume 14
Issue 03
Received 21/07/2024
Accepted 11/08/2024
Published 08/11/2024
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