Epidemiology, Risk Factors, And Prevention Of Typhoid Fever In North India: A Regional Perspective

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This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2025 | Volume : 15 | Issue : 03 | Page :
    By

    J. Samuel kamanda,

  • Atul Khajuria,

  • Eric Kwasi Elliason,

  • Stephen Monday,

  1. Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Desh Bhagat University, Punjab, India
  2. Director, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Desh Bhagat University, Pubjab, India
  3. Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Desh Bhagat University, Punjab, India
  4. Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Desh Bhagat University, Pubjab, India

Abstract

Introduction: Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, remains a major public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The disease is transmitted through contaminated food and water, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding its epidemiology, associated risk factors, and preventive measures is essential for effective control and management. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of typhoid fever’s prevalence, risk factors, and recommended interventions, with a specific focus on the regional burden in North India, where poor sanitation and hygiene conditions amplify the disease’s impact.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a population aged 1 to 85 years in selected regions of North India. Blood culture testing was performed on a sample of 593 individuals to detect the presence of Salmonella Typhi. Further analysis included sex-based distribution, test result categorisation, and clot-based ELISA analysis to confirm cases. Results: Out of the 593 individuals tested, 345 were confirmed positive for Salmonella Typhi, indicating a significant prevalence of typhoid fever in North India. The results were stratified based on sex and test outcomes, highlighting the demographic distribution of infection. Clot-based ELISA analysis provided additional confirmation of cases, reinforcing the need for targeted public health interventions in the region. Conclusions: The study emphasises the ongoing burden of typhoid fever, particularly in North India, where inadequate sanitation and limited access to clean water persist. Strengthening public health policies, improving sanitation infrastructure, and increasing vaccination coverage are recommended measures for reducing disease transmission. Further research is necessary to evaluate long-term strategies for effective typhoid fever control.

Keywords: Typhoid fever, Salmonella Typhi, epidemiology, public health, blood culture, ELISA, risk factors, pre-vention, North India.

[This article belongs to Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology ]

How to cite this article:
J. Samuel kamanda, Atul Khajuria, Eric Kwasi Elliason, Stephen Monday. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, And Prevention Of Typhoid Fever In North India: A Regional Perspective. Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology. 2025; 15(03):-.
How to cite this URL:
J. Samuel kamanda, Atul Khajuria, Eric Kwasi Elliason, Stephen Monday. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, And Prevention Of Typhoid Fever In North India: A Regional Perspective. Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology. 2025; 15(03):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjoi/article=2025/view=230999


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Regular Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 15
Issue 03
Received 27/03/2025
Accepted 08/11/2025
Published 11/11/2025
Publication Time 229 Days
106

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