Anaphylaxis: Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Management

Year : 2025 | Volume : 15 | Issue : 02 | Page : 1 11
    By

    P.C Kathuria,

  • Manisha Rai,

  1. Senior Consultant, Department of Chest and Allergy, BLK Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
  2. Associate Consultant, Department of Allergy, National Allergy Centre, New Delhi, Delhi, India

Abstract

Anaphylaxis is a syndrome characterized by broncho-constriction, vasodilatation, and hypovolemia, potentially fatal exposure to known or unknown antigens. It can be an immune-mediated (IgE & non-IgE) disease. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), complement related (C3a/C5a), bradykinin, leukotrienes, prostaglandin E2, and ligands of certain G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) can directly activate mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, endothelial cells and smooth muscles. Serum tryptase level during episodes of anaphylaxis, skin test, and basophil activation test (BAT) improve the efficacy of IgE and non-IgE mediated diagnosis of anaphylaxis. Patients at high risk are more prone to experiencing anaphylaxis. However, there are no definitive contraindications against using intramuscular epinephrine to treat this condition. Self-management by the patient using an emergency action plan is an important key to administering EAI (EpiPen Auto Injector). This review will highlight the current recommendation, diagnosis, and management protocol of anaphylaxis.

Keywords: Anaphylaxis, mastocytosis, serum tryptase, Mast cells (MC), hereditary α-tryptasemia (HαT), Hereditary alpha tryptasemia syndrome (HATS), Mast cell activating syndrome (MCAS), wheat dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA)

[This article belongs to Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology ]

How to cite this article:
P.C Kathuria, Manisha Rai. Anaphylaxis: Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Management. Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology. 2025; 15(02):1-11.
How to cite this URL:
P.C Kathuria, Manisha Rai. Anaphylaxis: Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Management. Research and Reviews : A Journal of Immunology. 2025; 15(02):1-11. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjoi/article=2025/view=211474


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Regular Issue Subscription Review Article
Volume 15
Issue 02
Received 06/02/2025
Accepted 18/03/2025
Published 27/05/2025
Publication Time 110 Days
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