Exploring the Role of Small Dense LDL-C and Paraoxonase-I Activity in Lipid Profile Alterations in Postmenopausal Women: Evidence from a Population-Based Study in Punjab, India

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This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2025 | Volume : 15 | Issue : 02 | Page : –
    By

    Atul Khajuria,

  • Gagandeep Singh,

  1. Director, Department of Allied Health Sciences, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Amloh, Punjab, India
  2. Research Scholar, Department of Allied Health Sciences, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Amloh, Pubjab, India

Abstract

Background: After menopause, women face a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) because hormonal changes impact how their bodies process fats. This study aimed to explore the relationship between small dense LDL cholesterol (sdLDL-C), lipid profile, PON1 levels, thyroid function, CBC parameters, and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women (45–60 years) in Punjab, India. sdLDL-C is more atherogenic than larger LDL particles, while PON1, linked to HDL, offers heart protection. Thyroid function also plays a key role in fat metabolism and heart health. Methods: Researchers carried out a cross-sectional study with 1,100 postmenopausal women in Punjab. Blood samples were analyzed for lipid profile, sdLDL-C, PON1 activity, thyroid profile (TSH, Free T3, Free T4), and CBC parameters using standard analyzers (Sysmex XN-2000, Beckman DXC 700 AU, Abbott Allinity I, and ELISA for PON1). Statistical analysis assessed correlations among these markers. Results: The mean age of participants was 53.4 ± 4.2 years. sdLDL-C showed positive correlations with total cholesterol (r = 0.62), LDL-C (r = 0.68), and triglycerides (r = 0.55), and a negative correlation with HDL-C (r = -0.58). PON1 activity was inversely related to sdLDL-C (r = -0.47) and was lower in women with high sdLDL-C, indicating its protective role. Thyroid profiles were within normal limits, and CBC parameters were mostly normal, with minor variations linked to conditions like hypertension or anemia. Conclusion: Our study highlights the association between sdLDL-C and lipid profile abnormalities in postmenopausal women. The inverse link between PON1 and sdLDL-C suggests that reduced PON1 activity may raise cardiovascular risk. While thyroid function was normal, further research is needed to explore its role in lipid regulation and heart health. Long-term studies are recommended to assess the impact of modifying PON1 activity and thyroid function in postmenopausal women at risk of CVD.

Keywords: Postmenopausal women, Cardiovascular risk, Small dense LDL cholesterol (sdLDL-C), Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), Lipid profile, Thyroid function.

[This article belongs to Research and Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions ]

How to cite this article:
Atul Khajuria, Gagandeep Singh. Exploring the Role of Small Dense LDL-C and Paraoxonase-I Activity in Lipid Profile Alterations in Postmenopausal Women: Evidence from a Population-Based Study in Punjab, India. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions. 2025; 15(02):-.
How to cite this URL:
Atul Khajuria, Gagandeep Singh. Exploring the Role of Small Dense LDL-C and Paraoxonase-I Activity in Lipid Profile Alterations in Postmenopausal Women: Evidence from a Population-Based Study in Punjab, India. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions. 2025; 15(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjohp/article=2025/view=209974


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Regular Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 15
Issue 02
Received 25/03/2025
Accepted 29/03/2025
Published 12/05/2025
Publication Time 48 Days
Total Visits: 54


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