A study on Parametric and Non-Parametric Statistical Tools

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Year : 2026 | Volume : 16 | 01 | Page :
    By

    Nagendra Singh,

  • Sanjeev Kumar Verma,

  1. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Swami Vivekanada Campus, Khandari, Agra, UP, India
  2. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Central Instrumentation Facility Research and Development Cell, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India

Abstract

This research report provides a brief overview of the most recent research techniques. The field of the research process has seen a resurgence of attention due to recent advancements in academia. Professors, Ph.D. candidates, researchers, investigative officers, and university students comprise the demographic of this research article. The article will become an essential part of your research papers, projects, and reports for citations due to future obligations. This study is distinct due to the researchers’ discussion of all relevant software, almost all parametric and non-parametric tests, and statistical tools, such as central tendency, mean, median, variance, standard deviation, standard error, validity & reliability, co-efficient of variation, type I, II & III errors, skewness, kurtosis, and histogram. The statistical data analysis procedure, data cleansing, data mining, and data analysis and data gathering methods for mixed-method, qualitative, and quantitative research have also been discussed with the researchers. The foundation of each study is the proper application of research tools and techniques. Any study project starts with a statistical technique, and when these techniques are applied correctly, the results will be reliable and valuable for the world to consider. Researchers’ lack of familiarity with the use of parametric and non-parametric techniques has been noted in a number of publications. The purpose of conducting this study is to ease the confusion or lack of knowledge among the researchers in application of various parametric and non-parametric technique. This paper is an attempt to simplify the statistical decision for future research scholar. This study is useful as it converts the complex theoretical concepts of parametric and non-parametric techniques into simplified summarized content. This will eventually lead to the research fraternity fostering effective solutions to the social issues. When data does not meet the assumptions needed for parametric testing, non-parametric statistical tools are crucial methods.  These tools are applicable to nominal and ordinal data, and even to interval or ratio data when normality and homoscedasticity assumptions are violated. This chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of widely used non-parametric methods, their applications, assumptions, advantages, limitations, and interpretation. It is a useful manual for researchers in all fields. Before exploring specific tools and their applications, it is important to understand the foundation of non-parametric statistics within research methodology. Unlike parametric techniques, which rely heavily on assumptions such as normality of data distribution and homogeneity of variance, non-parametric methods are flexible and applicable to real-life business and social data, which may not always meet such ideal conditions. These tests are widely used in management and behavioural research because they efficiently analyse ranked, ordinal, or categorical data derived from surveys, field studies, and qualitative assessments.

Keywords: Data collection Instrument, Statistical Scales, Tools & Software, Parametric & Non-Parametric Tests, Data Analyzing Process.

How to cite this article:
Nagendra Singh, Sanjeev Kumar Verma. A study on Parametric and Non-Parametric Statistical Tools. Journal of Production Research & Management. 2026; 16(01):-.
How to cite this URL:
Nagendra Singh, Sanjeev Kumar Verma. A study on Parametric and Non-Parametric Statistical Tools. Journal of Production Research & Management. 2026; 16(01):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/joprm/article=2026/view=238614


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Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 16
01
Received 23/01/2026
Accepted 02/02/2026
Published 20/02/2026
Publication Time 28 Days
51

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