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Snehal Masurkar,
Prakash Ghewari,
Shilpa S. Ruikar,
- Associate Professor, Krishna Institute of Science and Technology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth “Deemed to be University”, Taluka-Karad, Dist-Satara, Maharashtra, India
- Professor of Practice, Krishna Institute of Science and Technology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth “Deemed to be University”, Taluka-Karad, Dist-Satara, Maharashtra, India
- Assistant Professor, Krishna Institute of Science and Technology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth “Deemed to be University”, Taluka-Karad, Dist-Satara, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
High-performance polymer composites are emerging as versatile platforms for next-generation biomedical sensor interfaces because they can combine mechanical compliance, electrical functionality, biocompatibility, and structural tunability within a single material system. However, the rapid expansion of polymer matrices, conductive nanofillers, hydrogels, and biodegradable materials has produced a highly diverse literature, making it difficult to identify how material composition and interfacial structure determine sensor performance and clinical suitability. This review critically examines high-performance polymer composites for biomedical sensing by linking polymer matrix selection, functional fillers, interfacial interactions, microstructural features, fabrication strategies, and sensing mechanisms with key performance requirements. Particular emphasis is placed on the trade-offs among electrical conductivity, sensitivity, mechanical flexibility, durability, biofouling resistance, biodegradability, and long-term biosafety. Conductive polymer composites, graphene-, carbon nanotube-, MXene-, metal oxide-, hydrogel-, and biodegradable polymer-based systems are comparatively discussed across wearable, implantable, electrochemical, pressure, tactile, and neural sensing applications. Beyond summarizing reported materials, the review identifies application-dependent material requirements, limitations in current composite designs, and barriers associated with reproducibility, nanofiller safety, scalable manufacturing, and clinical translation. An integrated structure–property–performance perspective is proposed to guide rational selection and engineering of polymer composites for specific biomedical sensing environments. Finally, emerging directions involving self-healing materials, multifunctional interfaces, wireless integration, and intelligent sensing are discussed as potential pathways toward clinically translatable and personalized biomedical sensor technologies.
Keywords: Polymer composites; Biomedical sensors; Flexible electronics; Conductive nanocomposites; MXenes; Graphene; Wearable sensors; Implantable interfaces; Structure–property relationships; Clinical translation.
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Journal of Polymer & Composites
| Volume | 14 | |
| 05 | ||
| Received | 20/07/2026 | |
| Accepted | 13/08/2026 | |
| Published | 07/10/2026 | |
| Publication Time | 79 Days |