Evaluation of CI Engine Performance and Emissions Using WB10CNT90: A CNT-Reinforced Biodiesel Blend Approach and its Marketing Prospects for sustainable fuel Commercialization

Year : 2026 | Volume : 14 | Special Issue 01 | Page : 741 759
    By

    Rakesh Dubey,

  • Jonathan Sudhir Joseph,

  • Rachana Dashore,

  • Arbind Kumar Amar,

  • R. Jyothu Naik,

  • Nandkishor M. Sawai,

  • Shubham H. Marode,

  • R. Harisudhan,

  • Ch. Shekar Reddy,

  1. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
  2. Associate Professor, Department of Management Studies, Thakur college of Engineering and technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  3. Professor, Department of Management Studies, Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
  4. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BP Mandal College of Engineering, Bihar, India
  5. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
  6. Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
  7. Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashik, Maharshtra, India
  8. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, PAAVAI College Of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  9. Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Narasaraopeta Engineering College (Autonomous), Yallamanda, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract

The experimental and analytical evaluation of the WB10CNT90 blend—a combination of 10% waste biodiesel derived from Madhuca longifolia, 90% conventional diesel, and 100 ppm Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)—demonstrates its potential as an efficient and eco-friendly alternative to conventional diesel. The Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of the engine increased by approximately 15%, indicating enhanced energy conversion efficiency during combustion. Simultaneously, the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) showed a reduction of nearly 12%, signifying better fuel economy and more complete fuel utilization. In terms of emissions, WB10CNT90 achieved notable reductions: carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) decreased by 25% and 20%, respectively, while carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions dropped by 17%, reflecting cleaner and more complete combustion. Although nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions exhibited a marginal rise of 8–10%, this increase can be effectively controlled through established exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) techniques. The enhanced performance of the blend is primarily attributed to the superior thermal conductivity and catalytic behavior of CNTs, which improve fuel atomization and promote faster oxidation reactions. Economically, WB10CNT90 offers promising commercialization prospects, with a moderate production cost of $1.10/L and a projected retail price of $1.35/L. This cost structure positions it as a competitive “green diesel” in markets focused on renewable energy and emission reduction. Overall, WB10CNT90 represents a technically and economically viable pathway toward sustainable and efficient future transportation fuels.

Keywords: WB10CNT90, Mechanical properties, Polymeric composites, Emission, Performance.

[This article belongs to Special Issue under section in Journal of Polymer & Composites (jopc)]

How to cite this article:
Rakesh Dubey, Jonathan Sudhir Joseph, Rachana Dashore, Arbind Kumar Amar, R. Jyothu Naik, Nandkishor M. Sawai, Shubham H. Marode, R. Harisudhan, Ch. Shekar Reddy. Evaluation of CI Engine Performance and Emissions Using WB10CNT90: A CNT-Reinforced Biodiesel Blend Approach and its Marketing Prospects for sustainable fuel Commercialization. Journal of Polymer & Composites. 2026; 14(01):741-759.
How to cite this URL:
Rakesh Dubey, Jonathan Sudhir Joseph, Rachana Dashore, Arbind Kumar Amar, R. Jyothu Naik, Nandkishor M. Sawai, Shubham H. Marode, R. Harisudhan, Ch. Shekar Reddy. Evaluation of CI Engine Performance and Emissions Using WB10CNT90: A CNT-Reinforced Biodiesel Blend Approach and its Marketing Prospects for sustainable fuel Commercialization. Journal of Polymer & Composites. 2026; 14(01):741-759. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jopc/article=2026/view=236433


References

  1. V. Sajith, C. B. Sobhan, and G. P. Peterson, Experimental Investigations on the Effects of 238 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Fuel Additives on Biodiesel, Advances in Mechanical 239 Engineering, Article 581407, 2010. 240
  2. Ekrem Buyukkaya, Effects of biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and 241 combustion characteristics, Fuel, Vol-89, Issue 10,3099-3105, 2010. 242
  3. Supriya B.Chavan, Rajendra Rayappa Kumbhar, Ashutosh Kumar, and Yogesh C. Sharma, 243 Study of Biodiesel Blends on Emission and Performance Characterization of a Variable 244 Compression Ratio Engine, Energy Fuels, Vol-29 (7), 4393-4398, 2015. 245
  4. Mohamed E. Khidr, Tamer F. Megahed, Shinichi Ookawara, Ahmed E. Elwardany, Effects of aluminum and copper oxides nanoparticles as fuel additives on diesel engine operating characteristics, Atmospheric Pollution Research, Volume 14, Issue 4,2023, 101721, ISSN 1309-1042
  5. Priyaranjan Samal, Pandu R. Vundavilli, Arabinda Meher, Manas M. Mahapatra, Recent progress in aluminum metal matrix composites: A review on processing, mechanical and wear properties, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Volume 59, 2020, Pages 131-152, ISSN 1526-6125.
  6. Sharma, A., Pali, H. S., Kumar, M., Singh, N. K., Rahim, E. A., Singh, Y., & Gupta, N. K. (2024). Effect of α-WB10CNT90nano additives with Sal biodiesel blend as a potential alternative fuel for existing DI diesel engine. Energy & Environment, 35(2), 663-691.
  7. K. Nantha Gopal, R. Thundil Karupparaj, Ain Shams, Effect of pongamia biodiesel on 246 emission and combustion characteristics of DI compression ignition engine Engineering 247 Journal, Vol-6, 297-305, 2015. 248
  8. Rolvin D’Silva, Binu K.G, Thirumaleshwara Bhat Performance and Emission characteristics 249 of a C.I. Engine fuelled with diesel and TiO2 nanoparticles as fuel additive, Materials Today: 250 Proceedings 2, 3728-3735, 2015. 251
  9. Ganesh Duraisamy, & G. Gowrishankar, Effect of nano-fuel additive on emission reduction 252 in a biodiesel fuelled CI engine, International Conference on Electrical and Control 253 Engineering, ICECE 2011 – Proceedings. 10.1109/ICECENG.2011.6058240 254
  10. Ali Keskin, Metin Guru, Duran Altiparmak, Influence of metallic based fuel additives on 255 performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engine, In Energy Conversion and Management, 256 Volume 52, Issue 1, Pages 60-65, ISSN 0196-8904, 2011. 257
  11. Abbas Alli Taghipoor Bafghi, Hosein Bakhoda, Fateme Khodaei Chegeni, Effects of Cerium 258 Oxide Nanoparticle Addition in Diesel and Diesel-Biodiesel Blends on the Performance 259 Characteristics of a CI Engine, International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, 260 Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol-9, No-8, 2015. 261
  12. A Anbarasu, & Alagu Karthikeyan Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel 262 Engine Using Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Blended Biodiesel Emulsion Fuel. Journal of 263 Energy Engineering, 2015. 138.04015009.10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000270. 264
  13. C. Syed Aalam, C.G. Saravanan, B. Premanand Influence of Iron (II, III) Oxide 265 Nanoparticles Fuel Additive on Exhaust Emissions and Combustion Characteristics of CRDI 266 System Assisted Diesel Engine, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research 267 and Science (IJAERS) Vol-2, Issue-3, ISSN: 2349-6495, March, 2015. 268
  14. Deqing Mei, Xianming Li, Qimin Wu, Ping Sun, Role of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles 269 as Diesel Additives in Combustion Efficiency Improvements and Emission Reduction. 270 Journal of Energy Engineering, Vol. 142, Issue 4, December, 2016. 271
  15. C. Syed Aalam, C.G. Saravanan, Effects of nano metal oxide blended Mahua biodiesel on 272 CRDI diesel engine, Ain Shams Engineering Journal 2015.
  16. Dubey R., Bharadwaj S, Zafar MI, Biswas S. GIS Based Road Traffic Noise Mapping and Assessment of Health Hazards for a Developing Urban Intersection. Acoustics. 2023; 5(1):87-119. https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5010006.
  17. Dubey R., Bharadwaj, S.; Zafar, M.I.; Biswas, S. GIS Mapping of Short-Term Noisy Event of Diwali Night in Lucknow City. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010025.
  18. Dubey R., Bharadwaj, S.; Biswas, S. Determination of Point-to-Point 3D Routing Algorithm Using LIDAR Data for Noise Prediction. Applied System Innovation. 2022, 5, 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5030058.
  19. Mayank Chhabra, Gaurav Dwivedi, Prashant Baredar, Anoop Kumar Shukla, Akshay Garg, Siddharth Jain, Production & optimization of biodiesel from rubber oil using BBD technique, Materials Today: Proceedings, Volume 38, Part 1, 2021, Pages 69-73, ISSN 2214-7853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.791.
  20. Tikendra Nath Verma, Pankaj Shrivastava, Upendra Rajak, Gaurav Dwivedi, Siddharth Jain, Ali Zare, Anoop Kumar Shukla, Puneet Verma, A comprehensive review of the influence of physicochemical properties of biodiesel on combustion characteristics, engine performance and emissions, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering.
  21. Dubey, R., Bharadwaj, S., Singh, R. K., Sharma, S., Shinde, V. K., & Patil, M. M. (2024). Effect of Madhuca longifolia oil as additive in biodiesel blend on the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3178(1), 130011. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0229553.
  22. Rakesh Dubey et al 2025 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 3045 012012. 10.1088/1742-6596/3045/1/012012.
  23. Rakesh Dubey et al 2025 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 3045 012011. 10.1088/1742-6596/3045/1/012011.
  24. Rakesh Dubey, Bharadwaj, S.; Zafar, M.I.; Tiwary, S.K.; Faridi, R.A.; Biswas, S. A Novel Method to Determine the Optimal Location for a Cellular Tower by Using LiDAR Data. Applied System Innovation. 2022, 5, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5020030.
  25. Rakesh Dubey, Bharadwaj, S.; Biswas, S. Determination of Point-to-Point 3D Routing Algorithm Using LIDAR Data for Noise Prediction. Applied System Innovation. 2022, 5, 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5030058.
  26. Ooi, J.B., et al. (2023). “Effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the combustion of biodiesel-diesel blends” – (Energy / Fuel journal summary; shows BTE and BSFC improvements with MWCNTs).
  27. Sulochana, G. (2024). “Impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on performance, combustion and emission characteristics,” Energy (2024).
  28. Çelik, M. (Dec 2024). “An experimental investigation on improving combustion characteristics and environmental effects of biodiesel-diesel blend with MWCNTs” (SSRN/Preprint) – demonstrates ~23% BTE increase and ~19% BSFC reduction in some cases.
  29. Elkelawy, M., et al. (2023). “Impact of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide on emissions” – review of carbon-based nanomaterials effects on CI engine emissions.
Special Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 14
Special Issue 01
Received 30/10/2025
Accepted 20/11/2025
Published 29/01/2026
Publication Time 91 Days
201

Login


My IP

PlumX Metrics