Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) as a Sustainable Cementitious Composite for Retrofitting Concrete Structures: A Systematic Review

Year : 2025 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 06 | Page : 163 174
    By

    B. Vamsi Krishna,

  • Prakhash Neelamegam,

  • M. Vishnupriyan,

  1. PhD Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, SR University, Warangal, Telangana, India
  2. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, SR University, Warangal, Telangana, India
  3. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, SR University, Warangal, Telangana, India

Abstract

This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) as a sustainable material for repairing and retrofitting damaged concrete structures. LC3 is highlighted as a low-carbon alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), offering improved strength, bonding, and long-term durability. The review compiles and analyzes data from peer-reviewed experimental studies focusing on LC3’s mechanical performance, interface bonding, and durability parameters. Results consistently show higher bond strength, reduced shrinkage, and enhanced resistance to chloride and sulfate attack compared to OPC, making LC3 a promising material for advanced repair applications. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases to map research trends and identify leading authors, journals, and contributing countries. Findings indicate a rapid global rise in LC3-related research, particularly in the last decade, reflecting growing emphasis on sustainability in structural materials. Despite encouraging laboratory results, challenges remain in standardizing LC3 mix design, scaling up field applications, and validating long-term performance under diverse environmental conditions. This review highlights existing research gaps, including fatigue behavior and field-scale performance, and provides guidance for future studies aimed at developing standardized application protocols. LC3 demonstrates strong potential to transform sustainable repair practices and contribute to global efforts toward low-carbon infrastructure.

Keywords: Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), Cementitious Composite, Polymer-Modified Repair Materials, Bond Strength, Durability, Sustainable Construction Materials, Mechanical Properties, Structural Retrofitting.

[This article belongs to Journal of Polymer and Composites ]

How to cite this article:
B. Vamsi Krishna, Prakhash Neelamegam, M. Vishnupriyan. Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) as a Sustainable Cementitious Composite for Retrofitting Concrete Structures: A Systematic Review. Journal of Polymer and Composites. 2025; 13(06):163-174.
How to cite this URL:
B. Vamsi Krishna, Prakhash Neelamegam, M. Vishnupriyan. Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) as a Sustainable Cementitious Composite for Retrofitting Concrete Structures: A Systematic Review. Journal of Polymer and Composites. 2025; 13(06):163-174. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jopc/article=2025/view=232722


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Regular Issue Subscription Review Article
Volume 13
Issue 06
Received 29/08/2025
Accepted 15/10/2025
Published 27/10/2025
Publication Time 59 Days
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