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nThis is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.n
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Saiful Amri Mazlan, Nor Fairuz Hayati Amir, Nur Raihana Sukri, Wan Nur Atiqah Mior Hamdan, Khairul Anwar Abdul Kadir, Nur Azmah Nordin, Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari,
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- Professor, Lecturer, Lecturer, Degree Student, Researcher, Senior Lecturer, Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza / Automotive Development Centre, Institute for Sustainable Transport (IST), Universiti Teknologi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Banting, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Ungku Omar, Department of Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi, Department of Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi, Department of Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza / Automotive Development Centre, Institute for Sustainable Transport (IST), Universiti Teknologi,, Department of Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi,, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia
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Abstract
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nMagnetorheological elastomer (MRE) are increasingly valued for their field-responsive mechanical properties, making them ideal for adaptive components in automotive, aerospace, and vibration control systems. However, conventional mould-based fabrication methods limit design flexibility, produce excess material waste, and are unsuitable for complex or customized geometries caused challenges that have hindered broader industrial adoption. Although 3D printing offers a compelling alternative, research on printable MRE filaments remains limited, particularly regarding how carbonyl iron particle (CIP) content influences printability and mechanical performance. This study investigates the fabrication and characterization of MRE filaments using fused filament fabrication (FFF), incorporating CIP concentrations of 20 wt.%, 40 wt.%, 60 wt.%, and 80 wt.%. Filaments were extruded and printed into standardized geometries, then tested using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) in tensile mode to assess viscoelastic behaviour. The results show that increasing CIP content leads to a progressive enhancement in mechanical stiffness, with Young’s modulus rising from 14 MPa for pure Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) to approximately 32 MPa at 80 wt.% CIP. Stress-strain analysis revealed steeper curves and higher load resistance at elevated particle loadings, while surface quality and print consistency were maintained up to 60 wt.% before minor defects emerged due to particle agglomeration. These findings confirm that FFF can produce structurally consistent, functionally tunable MRE and that CIP content is a critical parameter for tailoring mechanical properties. This work lays the groundwork for the development of 4D-printed MRE systems, offering new possibilities for smart, load-responsive devices in sectors such as automotive damping, adaptive infrastructure like railway tracks with tunable dampers, isolators and suspension systems in the automotive and aerospace industries.nn
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Keywords: 4D printing, fused filament fabrication, magnetorheological elastomer, printability, carbonyl iron particles, mechanical stiffness.
n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to Journal of Polymer and Composites ]
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nSaiful Amri Mazlan, Nor Fairuz Hayati Amir, Nur Raihana Sukri, Wan Nur Atiqah Mior Hamdan, Khairul Anwar Abdul Kadir, Nur Azmah Nordin, Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari. [if 2584 equals=”][226 wpautop=0 striphtml=1][else]Effect of Carbonyl Iron Particle Concentration on The Printability and Stiffness of Magnetorheological Elastomer Filaments[/if 2584]. Journal of Polymer and Composites. 01/09/2025; 13(05):310-317.
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nSaiful Amri Mazlan, Nor Fairuz Hayati Amir, Nur Raihana Sukri, Wan Nur Atiqah Mior Hamdan, Khairul Anwar Abdul Kadir, Nur Azmah Nordin, Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari. [if 2584 equals=”][226 striphtml=1][else]Effect of Carbonyl Iron Particle Concentration on The Printability and Stiffness of Magnetorheological Elastomer Filaments[/if 2584]. Journal of Polymer and Composites. 01/09/2025; 13(05):310-317. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jopc/article=01/09/2025/view=0
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| Volume | 13 | |
| [if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”]Issue[/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”]Special Issue[/if 424] [if 424 equals=”Conference”][/if 424] | 05 | |
| Received | 01/08/2025 | |
| Accepted | 19/08/2025 | |
| Published | 01/09/2025 | |
| Retracted | ||
| Publication Time | 31 Days |
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