Development of a Low-Cost Autonomous Robot for Obstacle Avoidance Using Ultrasonic Sensing

Year : 2026 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 01 | Page : 1 11
    By

    R.G. Ghodake,

  • Anuja S. Pawar,

  • Prachi S. Pawar,

  • Kirti S. Pujari,

  1. Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur, Maharashtra, India
  2. Student, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur, Maharashtra, India
  3. Student, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur, Maharashtra, India
  4. Student, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur, Maharashtra, India

Abstract

In the evolving landscape of automation, autonomous mobile robots are becoming critical for performing tasks with minimal human intervention. This project presents the design and development of a cost-effective, small-scale obstacle-avoiding robot using an Arduino microcontroller and an ultrasonic sensor. The robot operates by scanning its surroundings, identifying nearby obstacles, and navigating by altering its path in real time. Through intelligent programming and sensor integration, the system achieves smooth, collision-free movement. This work highlights a practical application of embedded systems and serves as a foundational step for advancing autonomous navigation research. The robot operates by continuously scanning its surroundings with the ultrasonic sensor, which measures the distance to nearby objects by sending and receiving sound waves. When an object is detected within a predetermined threshold distance, the robot automatically stops, makes a quick decision to turn either left or right, and then proceeds forward again once the path is clear. This behavior ensures smooth, collision-free movement without the need for remote control or manual supervision. The robot’s logic is implemented through simple yet effective programming on the Arduino platform, providing a clear example of real-time sensor processing, motor control, and reactive decision-making in embedded systems. Throughout this project, careful attention was given to the selection and integration of hardware components, the design of the control algorithm, and the assembly of a stable mechanical structure. We also documented the challenges encountered, such as sensor inaccuracies, motor performance issues due to battery limitations, and occasional difficulties in obstacle detection under certain environmental conditions. Additionally, extensive testing was conducted in a variety of scenarios involving different obstacle types and arrangements to evaluate the robot’s performance, reliability, and limitations. Beyond just building a working prototype, this project serves as a foundational step for exploring more advanced topics in robotics, such as path planning, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), and artificial intelligence-driven navigation. Future enhancements could involve adding multiple sensors for better environmental awareness, implementing more sophisticated algorithms for decision-making, and improving power management for longer operational life. Ultimately, this project highlights how fundamental conceptsin robotics and embedded systems can be taught, explored, and expanded upon using accessible technology, encouraging further innovation and learning in the field of autonomous mobile robots.

Keywords: Ultrasonic sensor, DC motor, Arduino Uno R3, servo motor, embedded systems

[This article belongs to Journal of Advancements in Robotics ]

How to cite this article:
R.G. Ghodake, Anuja S. Pawar, Prachi S. Pawar, Kirti S. Pujari. Development of a Low-Cost Autonomous Robot for Obstacle Avoidance Using Ultrasonic Sensing. Journal of Advancements in Robotics. 2025; 13(01):1-11.
How to cite this URL:
R.G. Ghodake, Anuja S. Pawar, Prachi S. Pawar, Kirti S. Pujari. Development of a Low-Cost Autonomous Robot for Obstacle Avoidance Using Ultrasonic Sensing. Journal of Advancements in Robotics. 2025; 13(01):1-11. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/joarb/article=2025/view=228459


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Regular Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 13
Issue 01
Received 28/06/2025
Accepted 21/07/2025
Published 30/09/2025
Publication Time 94 Days
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