Hybrid Supercapacitor-Lithium Battery Performance for Electric Vehicles Under WLTP Protocol

Year : 2025 | Volume : 12 | Issue : 01 | Page : 41-59
    By

    C. Armenta -Déu,

  • Erick Espín,

  1. Professor, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 28040, Madrid, Spain
  2. Professor, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 28040, Madrid, Spain

Abstract

This work aims to characterize the hybrid electric vehicle performance powered by a hybrid lithium battery/supercapacitor system. The characterization process runs on a standard driving cycle, the World Harmonized Light-duty Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP), applied in many countries like the European Union but it can be applied to other standards like the American FTP-75 and the Japanese JC08 with similar operational results. The study shows a combination between a lithium battery and a supercapacitor, improving the power source response towards the electric vehicle energy request and power demand, and increasing energy management and efficiency. The hybridization also contributes to lowering premature battery degradation and aging. The hybrid lithium battery/supercapacitor system performance analysis shows a higher reliability in power source operation and less battery wear due to the dual power source efficient management, and its appropriate application to the specific power range request. The main contribution of this work to the current state of the art is the absolute novelty of the method since the proposed procedure has never been applied before, despite commercial electric vehicles with lithium batteries and supercapacitor hybrid power sources being in production. This work represents a significant advancement in the automotive industry since it provides car manufacturers and traffic policymakers with a practical tool to evaluate the performance of this type of vehicle under similar driving conditions to conventional EVs, thus allowing a more accurate and reliable comparative analysis. On the other hand, the study proves the feasibility of the hybrid system and guarantees a continuous vehicle operation for specific driving conditions, providing a practical tool for electric vehicle manufacturers and designers. Additionally, the performance analysis of the hybrid lithium battery and supercapacitor system indicates that this configuration is also valid for storage unit used as power sources in applications other than electric vehicles, representing an added value for energy planners and designers.

Keywords: Electric vehicle (EV), supercapacitor, lithium battery, efficiency, driving cycle, performance evaluation

[This article belongs to Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications ]

How to cite this article:
C. Armenta -Déu, Erick Espín. Hybrid Supercapacitor-Lithium Battery Performance for Electric Vehicles Under WLTP Protocol. Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications. 2025; 12(01):41-59.
How to cite this URL:
C. Armenta -Déu, Erick Espín. Hybrid Supercapacitor-Lithium Battery Performance for Electric Vehicles Under WLTP Protocol. Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications. 2025; 12(01):41-59. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/joaea/article=2025/view=209837


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Regular Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 12
Issue 01
Received 20/03/2025
Accepted 20/04/2025
Published 29/04/2025
Publication Time 40 Days
Total Visits: 11


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