Molecular Surveillance of Spring Viraemia of Carp Virus (SVCV) and Koi Herpesvirus (KHV) Across Major Aquaculture Zones of Telangana, India

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2026 | Volume : 3 | 02 | Page :
    By

    Mamidala Shyam Prasad,

  • Banothu Divya,

  • Shiga Nagaraju,

  • Arun Konduri,

  • Banoth Raveendar,

  • P. Shanthana,

  • Dumpala Nandini,

  • G. Vidya Sagar Reddy,

  1. Senior Scientist & Head, Fisheries Research Station, P.V.N.R. Telangana Veterinary University, Palair, Telangana, India
  2. Young Professional, NSPAAD, Fisheries Research Station, P.V.N.R. Telangana Veterinary University, Palair, Telangana, India
  3. Young Professional, NSPAAD, Fisheries Research Station, P.V.N.R. Telangana Veterinary University, Palair, Telangana, India
  4. Young Professional, Fisheries Research Station, P.V.N.R. Telangana Veterinary University, Palair, Telangana, India
  5. Scientist, Fisheries Research Station, P.V.N.R. Telangana Veterinary University, Palair, Telangana, India
  6. PhD Scholar, College of Fishery Science, Andhra Pradesh Fisheries University, Muthukur, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, India
  7. Assistant Professor, College of Fishery Science, PVNRTVU, Pebbair, Wanaparthy, Telangana, India
  8. Professor, School of Fisheries, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, India

Abstract

Viral diseases represent a persistent threat to cyprinid aquaculture; however, region-specific surveillance data from tropical production systems remain limited. To address this gap, a comprehensive statewide active surveillance programme was undertaken across Telangana, India, from 2019 to 2022 to investigate the occurrence of two priority transboundary pathogens, Spring Viraemia of Carp Virus (SVCV) and Koi Herpesvirus (KHV). A total of 414 fish specimens were systematically collected from five surveillance sectors encompassing major aquaculture districts. Species susceptible to SVCV, including Indian major carps, Jayanti rohu, and grass carp, were examined alongside common carp and Amur carp for KHV detection. Molecular screening was performed using standardized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) assays in accordance with national aquatic animal health guidelines. Across all districts, seasons, and farm categories, no virus-specific amplicons corresponding to SVCV or KHV were detected. Field observations further revealed an absence of clinical signs consistent with viral infection, while minor health abnormalities recorded during sampling were attributed to non-viral causes and showed no spatial or temporal clustering. Collectively, these findings provide robust molecular evidence supporting the absence of SVCV and KHV in Telangana’s freshwater aquaculture systems and underscore the importance of continued, structured surveillance to safeguard carp farming under tropical conditions.

Keywords: Surveillance, Transboundary, Spring Viraemia of Carp Virus, Koi Herpesvirus, Polymerase Chain Reaction

How to cite this article:
Mamidala Shyam Prasad, Banothu Divya, Shiga Nagaraju, Arun Konduri, Banoth Raveendar, P. Shanthana, Dumpala Nandini, G. Vidya Sagar Reddy. Molecular Surveillance of Spring Viraemia of Carp Virus (SVCV) and Koi Herpesvirus (KHV) Across Major Aquaculture Zones of Telangana, India. International Journal of Virus Studies. 2026; 03(02):-.
How to cite this URL:
Mamidala Shyam Prasad, Banothu Divya, Shiga Nagaraju, Arun Konduri, Banoth Raveendar, P. Shanthana, Dumpala Nandini, G. Vidya Sagar Reddy. Molecular Surveillance of Spring Viraemia of Carp Virus (SVCV) and Koi Herpesvirus (KHV) Across Major Aquaculture Zones of Telangana, India. International Journal of Virus Studies. 2026; 03(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijvs/article=2026/view=249801


References

1. Ahne W. Viral infections of aquatic animals with special reference to Asian aquaculture. Annual review of fish diseases. 1994 Jan 1;4:375-88.
2. Ahne W, Bjorklund HV, Essbauer S, Fijan N, Kurath G, Winton JR. Spring viremia of carp (SVC). Diseases of aquatic organisms. 2002 Dec 10;52:261-72.
3. Airlangga GW, Usman HP, Rahmadhan DF, Zakiyyah Nugroho DR, Cindyasputri NA, Hardian AB. Sequence Analysis of Thymidine-Kinase Encoding Gene of Koi Herpesvirus Infection Case in Malang and Batu City–Indonesia. Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2025 Jan 1;62(1).
4. Ashraf U, Lu Y, Lin L, Yuan J, Wang M, Liu X. Spring viraemia of carp virus: recent advances. Journal of General Virology. 2016 May 1;97(5):1037-51.
5. Bajpai V, Pragyan D, Mohanty J, Sahoo PK. Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Fish Viruses Inhabiting Freshwater Ornamental and Food Fish Species in India: A Survey- Based Study. Genetics of Aquatic Organisms. 2021 Feb 9;5(1):09-18.
6. Balon EK. Origin and domestication of the wild carp, Cyprinus carpio: from Roman gourmets to the swimming flowers. Aquaculture. 1995 Jan 1;129(1-4):3-48.
7. Bercovier H, Fishman Y, Nahary R, Sinai S, Zlotkin A, Eyngor M, Gilad O, Eldar A, Hedrick RP. Cloning of the koi herpesvirus (KHV) gene encoding thymidine kinase and its use for a highly sensitive PCR based diagnosis. BMC microbiology. 2005 Mar 17;5(1):13.
8. Breves JP, Hirano T, Grau EG. Ionoregulatory and endocrine responses to disturbed salt and water balance in Mozambique tilapia exposed to confinement and handling stress. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 2010 Mar 1;155(3):294-300.

9. Daniels LK. Rapid in-office and in-vivo desensitization of an injection phobia utilizing hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 1976 Jan 1;18(3):200-3.
10. Dikkeboom AL, Radi C, Toohey‐Kurth K, Marcquenski S, Engel M, Goodwin AE, Way K, Stone DM, Longshaw C. First report of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) in wild common carp in North America. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 2004 Dec 1;16(4):169-78.
11. Eide KE, Miller-Morgan T, Heidel JR, Kent ML, Bildfell RJ, LaPatra S, Watson G, Jin L. Investigation of koi herpesvirus latency in koi. Journal of Virology. 2011 May 15;85(10):4954-62.
12. Bhargavi K, Krishnan P, Anand A, Kantharajan G, Landge AT, Nayak BB. A remote sensing approach to explore the available water spread for fisheries development in the reservoirs of Godavari River Basin, Telangana, India. Indian J. Fish. 2022 Jan 1;69(4):14-27.
13. Ghasemi M, Zorriehzahra SM, Daghigh Roohi J, Faeed M, Eynizadeh Z, Sayad Bourani M, Haghighi Karsidani S, Mirhashemi Nasab SF, Asgharnia M. Monitoring of viral pathogens in the main Goldfish (Carassius auratus) farms using Immunochemical and Molecular Biology techniques. International Journal of Veterinary Research. 2021 Jul 10;1(1):27-40.
14. Gilad O, Yun S, Zagmutt-Vergara FJ, Leutenegger CM, Bercovier H, Hedrick RP. Concentrations of a Koi herpesvirus (KHV) in tissues of experimentally-infected Cyprinus carpio koi as assessed by real-time TaqMan PCR. Diseases of aquatic organisms. 2004 Sep 8;60:179-87.
15. Goodwin AE. First report of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) in North America. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 2002 Sep 1;14(3):161-4.
16. Rathore G, Kumar G, Raja Swaminathan T, Swain P. Koi herpes virus: a review and risk assessment of Indian aquaculture. Indian Journal of Virology. 2012 Sep;23(2):124-33.
17. Jaton JC, Huser H, Blatt Y, Pecht I. Circular dichroism and fluorescence studies of homogeneous antibodies to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. Biochemistry. 1975 Dec 1;14(24):5308-11.
18. Ji Y, Liu B, Liu A, Kong D, Liang J, Liao Z, Jiang X, Li X, Zhou J. Curcumin inhibits koi herpesvirus (KHV) replication via Nrf2-Keap1/ARE and NF-κB pathways in ornamental koi (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus). Aquaculture. 2025 Sep 22:743229.
19. Koutna M, Veselý T, Psikal I, Hulova J. Identification of spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) by combined RT-PCR and nested PCR. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 2003 Aug 4;55:229-35.
20. Kumar JV, Amanchi NR. Assessment of physicochemical parameters and water quality of Sathnala Pond of Adilabad district, Telangana State, India. Cahiers Magellanes-NS. 2024 Aug 23;6(2):4305-12.
21. Laskar BA, Adimalla H, Mandal S, Kundu S, Jaiswal D, Banerjee D. DNA barcoding of freshwater fish from different drainage systems of Telangana in Southern India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 2022:371-82.
22. Laxmappa B, Bakshi RR. A checklist of fishes of Telangana State, India. International journal of fisheries and aquatic studies. 2016;4(4):35-42.
23. Bbole I, Mumba C, Mupenda N, Kefi AS. Analysis of growth performance and haematological parameters of Oreochromis niloticus fed on a varying diet of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf meal as an additive protein source. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture. 2016 Nov 30;8(11):105-11.
24. Meyer K, Bergmann SM, van der Marel M, Steinhagen D. Detection of Koi herpesvirus: impact of extraction method, primer set and DNA polymerase on the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction examinations. Aquaculture Research. 2012 May;43(6):835-42.
25. Mishra SS, Rakesh D, Dhiman M, Choudhary P, Debbarma J, Sahoo SN, Mishra CK. Present status of fish disease management in freshwater aquaculture in India: state-of-the- art-review. Journal of Aquaculture & Fisheries. 2017;1(003):14.
26. Mohammad MJ, Krishna PV, Lamma OA, Khan S. Analysis of water quality using Limnological studies of Wyra reservoir, Khammam district, Telangana, India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2015 Mar 11;4(2):880-95.
27. Padhi A, Verghese B. Molecular evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of a highly pathogenic fish rhabdovirus, the spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Veterinary microbiology. 2012 Apr 23;156(1-2):54-63.
28. Pokorova D, Piackova V, Cizek A, Reschova S, Hulova J, Vicenova M, Vesely T. Tests for the presence of koi herpesvirus (KHV) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) in the Czech Republic. VETERINARNI MEDICINA- PRAHA-. 2007 Dec 31;52(12):562.
29. Pokorova D, Vesely T, Piackova V, Reschova S, Hulova J. Current knowledge on koi herpesvirus (KHV): a review. Veterinarni Medicina. 2005 Apr 30;50(4):139-47.
30. Rathore G, Kumar G, Raja Swaminathan T, Swain P. Koi herpes virus: a review and risk assessment of Indian aquaculture. Indian Journal of Virology. 2012 Sep;23(2):124-33.
31. Reddy GS, Swamy TV. Limnological Studies Related to Physico-Chemical Parameters of Nizamsagar Reservoir, Kamareddy District, Telangana, India. UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY. 2024 Mar 14;45(6):11-21.
32. Romero A, Figueras A, Novoa B. Spring viraemia of carp virus modulates the time- dependent unfolded protein response to facilitate viral replication. Frontiers in
Immunology. 2025 Apr 3;16:1576758.
33. Sahoo PK, Goodwin AE. Viruses of freshwater finfish in the Asian–Pacific region. Indian Journal of Virology. 2012 Sep;23(2):99-105.
34. Savan R, Igarashi A, Matsuoka S, Sakai M. Sensitive and rapid detection of edwardsiellosis in fish by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology. 2004 Jan;70(1):621-4.
35. Shimahara Y, Kurita J, Nishioka T, Kiryu I, Yuasa K, Sakai T, Oseko N, Sano M, Dixon P. Development of an improved RT‐PCR for specific detection of spring viraemia of carp virus. Journal of fish diseases. 2016 Mar;39(3):269-75.
36. Shivappa RB, Savan R, Kono T, Sakai M, Emmenegger E, Kurath G, Levine JF. Detection of spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) by loop‐mediated isothermal
amplification (LAMP) in koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of fish diseases. 2008 Apr;31(4):249-58.
37. Song DW, Liu L, Shan LP, Qiu TX, Chen J, Chen JP. Therapeutic potential of phenylpropanoid-based small molecules as anti-SVCV agents in aquaculture.
Aquaculture. 2020 Sep 15;526:735349.
38. Souto S, Lama R, Mérour E, Mehraz M, Bernard J, Lamoureux A, Massaad S, Frétaud M, Rigaudeau D, Millet JK, Langevin C. In vivo multiscale analyses of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) infection: From model organism to target species. PLoS Pathogens. 2024 Aug 5;20(8):e1012328.
39. Patilkhede B, Patil V, Kadam J. Socio-economic profile of fishermen in coastal Konkan region of Maharashtra. Int J Ext EduXIII. 2017;32:35p.
40. St-Hilaire S, Beevers N, Way K, Le Deuff RM, Martin P, Joiner C. Reactivation of koi herpesvirus infections in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Diseases of aquatic organisms. 2005 Nov 9;67:15-23.
41. Stone DM, Ahne W, Denham KL, Dixon PF, Liu CY, Sheppard AM, Taylor GR, Way K. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the glycoprotein gene of putative spring viraemia of carp virus and pike fry rhabdovirus isolates reveals four genogroups. Diseases of aquatic organisms. 2003 Feb 27;53:203-10.
42. Suarnaba V, Orozco ZG, Lio-Po G, de la Peña L, Faisan J, Tubo DB, Amar E. Surveillance of emerging fish viral pathogens in some Southeast Asian countries. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh. 2009 Jan 1;61.
43. Taylor NG, Peeler EJ, Denham KL, Crane CN, Thrush MA, Dixon PF, Stone DM, Way K, Oidtmann BC. Spring viraemia of carp (SVC) in the UK: The road to freedom. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2013 Aug 1;111(1-2):156-64.
44. Walker PJ, Winton JR. Emerging viral diseases of fish and shrimp. Veterinary research. 2010 Apr 23;41(6):51.
45. Ouyang P, Zhou Y, Yang R, Yang Z, Wang K, Geng Y, Lai W, Huang X, Chen D, Fang J, Chen Z. Outbreak of carp edema virus disease in cultured ornamental koi in a lower temperature in China. Aquaculture International. 2020 Apr;28(2):525-37.

Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 03
02
Received 20/04/2026
Accepted 31/05/2026
Published 15/07/2026
Publication Time 86 Days
63

Login


My IP

PlumX Metrics