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Nagham Mahmood Aljamali,
Atheraa Abdul Kadhim Wasaf,
Mohammed Noaman Alanssari,
- Professor, Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
- Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
- Assist. Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
Abstract
The role of antibiotics is to reduce the resistance of bacterial and fungal cell membranes, thereby penetrating the cell membrane and causing bacterial death. Therefore, researchers have turned to preparing chemical compounds that mimic antibiotics in their ability to eliminate bacteria and microorganisms. Through ongoing research in the field of biological activity, recent decades have witnessed a significant increase in laboratory experiments involving imines, formazan, and other compounds in this area. Imines (Schiff bases), azo compounds, and formazan play a major role in inhibiting microbes. These compounds react with the negative charges of phospholipids and penetrate the cell membrane, increasing its permeability. This leads to leakage of vital cell contents, destruction of respiratory enzymes, and ultimately, death of the bacterial or fungal cell. Such chemical compounds contain hybrid atoms with electron pairs that play a crucial role in penetrating the cell wall membrane of microorganisms and interacting with it, indicating that these compounds are highly effective at killing microorganisms or at least inhibiting their activity and resistance. Bacteria are divided into two main groups: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Both groups have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan: in Gram-positive bacteria, the wall is thick, while in Gram-negative bacteria, it is thin. In Gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall is surrounded by an outer membrane. Chemical compounds, through electron pairs on hybrid atoms such as oxygen and nitrogen, affect the cell membrane, thus penetrating it.
Keywords: Membrane Cell, Azo, Imine, Formazan, Bacteria, Fungi.
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International Journal of Membranes
| Volume | 03 | |
| 02 | ||
| Received | 01/06/2026 | |
| Accepted | 13/06/2026 | |
| Published | 23/06/2026 | |
| Publication Time | 22 Days |