Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Komagataeibacter saccharivorans BC- C1under different culture conditions: A comparative analysis

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2026 | Volume : 12 | 02 | Page :
    By

    Muskan garg,

  • Garima Mathur,

  1. PhD Scholar, Department of Biotechnology,Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida, A-10, Sector-62, Noida-201309, Uttar Pradesh, India
  2. Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology,Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida, A-10, Sector-62, Noida-201309, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose is a significant biopolymer with various applications because of its remarkable properties, like improved crystallinity, better mechanical strength, a high water- holding capacity, and biocompatibility. The current study aims to investigate how static and agitation culture conditions influence the bacterial cellulose production by Komagataeibacter saccharivorans BC-C1. Under static culturing condition, thick cellulose sheets with a higher yield of 0.94 ± 0.19 g/L were obtained, whereas in agitation culture conditions, dispersed cellulose aggregates at a much lower yield, about 0.031 ± 0.009 g/L, were obtained. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of cellulose’s characteristic functional groups, and the variations in how the structure was organized were observed with the help of the crystallinity ratio. Additionally, water-holding capacity measurements highlighted how different culture conditions altered the hydration behaviour of the produced bacterial cellulose. Results demonstrated that culture conditions are so important for bacterial cellulose production.

Keywords: Bacterial Cellulose, FTIR, Crystallinity, Water holding capacity, culture conditions

How to cite this article:
Muskan garg, Garima Mathur. Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Komagataeibacter saccharivorans BC- C1under different culture conditions: A comparative analysis. International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. 2026; 12(02):-.
How to cite this URL:
Muskan garg, Garima Mathur. Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Komagataeibacter saccharivorans BC- C1under different culture conditions: A comparative analysis. International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. 2026; 12(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijibb/article=2026/view=249678


References

1. Yildirim M, Ermis E, Amangeldinova M, Yabalak E. Recent Advances in Bacterial Cellulose: From Sustainable Production to Environmental, Biomedical, and 3D Bioprinting Applications. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2026 Jan 6.

2. Kumar UV, Narayanasamy S, Uthandi S. Bacterial cellulose: A comprehensive review on biosynthesis, sustainable production, and multifaceted industrial applications. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 2025 Dec 1;154:153-74.

3. Girard VD, Chaussé J, Vermette P. Bacterial cellulose: A comprehensive review. Journal of applied polymer science. 2024 Apr 15;141(15):e55163.

4. Garg M, Mathur G. Bacterial cellulose as a sustainable matrix for probiotic immobilization in functional foods. CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY. 2026 Jan 1;60(1-2):73-85.

5. Xu Y, Lu X, Jin C, Liu D, Tong Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Xue P, Wei Q, Lv P. Bacterial cellulose-based functional yarns: from design to applications. Materials Horizons. 2025;12(17):6622-49.

6. Ul-Islam M, Khan T, Park JK. Water holding and release properties of bacterial cellulose obtained by in situ and ex situ modification. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2012 Apr 2;88(2):596-603.

7. Lahiri D, Nag M, Dutta B, Dey A, Sarkar T, Pati S, Edinur HA, Abdul Kari Z, Mohd Noor NH, Ray RR. Bacterial cellulose: Production, characterization, and application as antimicrobial agent. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021 Nov 30;22(23):12984.

8. Wang J, Tavakoli J, Tang Y. Bacterial cellulose production, properties and applications with different culture methods–A review. Carbohydrate polymers. 2019 Sep 1;219:63-76.

9. Mishra S, Singh PK, Pattnaik R, Kumar S, Ojha SK, Srichandan H, Parhi PK, Jyothi RK, Sarangi PK. Biochemistry, synthesis, and applications of bacterial cellulose: a review. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology. 2022 Mar 8;10:780409.

10. Singh G, Gauba P, Mathur G. Bacterial cellulose production by acetobacter aceti MTCC 2623 using different carbon sources. Current Applied Science and Technology. 2024 Aug 2:e0260805-.

11. Gao H, Sun Q, Han Z, Li J, Liao B, Hu L, Huang J, Zou C, Jia C, Huang J, Chang Z. Comparison of bacterial nanocellulose produced by different strains under static and agitated culture conditions. Carbohydrate polymers. 2020 Jan 1;227:115323.

12. Cazón P, Puertas G, Vázquez M. Production and Characterization of Active Bacterial Cellulose Films Obtained from the Fermentation of Wine Bagasse and Discarded Potatoes by Komagateibacter xylinus. Polymers. 2022 Nov 29;14(23):5194. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235194

13. Cruz MA, Flor-Unda O, Avila A, Garcia MD, Cerda-Mejía L. Advances in bacterial cellulose production: a scoping review. Coatings. 2024 Nov 4;14(11):1401.

14. Fernandes ID, Pedro AC, Ribeiro VR, Bortolini DG, Ozaki MS, Maciel GM, Haminiuk CW. Bacterial cellulose: From production optimization to new applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020 Dec 1;164:2598-611.

15. Hu X, Zhang Y, Shao X, Yang X, Zhang Z, Yin X, Xu Y. Bacterial cellulose production under agitated culture conditions using tobacco waste extract by a strain of Komagataeibacter sp. isolated from rotten mango. Biotechnology Letters. 2025 Oct;47(5):111.

16. Singhsa P, Narain R, Manuspiya H. Physical structure variations of bacterial cellulose produced by different Komagataeibacter xylinus strains and carbon sources in static and agitated conditions. Cellulose. 2018 Mar;25(3):1571-81.

17. Páez MA, Casa-Villegas M, Aldas M, Luna M, Cabrera-Valle D, López O, Fernández D, Cruz MA, Flor-Unda O, García MD, Cerda-Mejía L. Insights into agitated bacterial cellulose production with microbial consortia and agro-industrial wastes. Fermentation. 2024 Aug 16;10(8):425.

18. Son HJ, Heo MS, Kim YG, Lee SJ. Optimization of fermentation conditions for the production of bacterial cellulose by a newly isolated Acetobacter. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry. 2001 Feb;33(1):1-5.

19. Revin V, Liyaskina E, Nazarkina M, Bogatyreva A, Shchankin M. Cost-effective production of bacterial cellulose using acidic food industry by-products. Brazilian journal of microbiology. 2018;49:151-9.

20. Chen J, Hong F, Zheng H, Zheng L, Du B. Using static culture method to increase the production of Acetobacter xylinum bacterial cellulose. Journal of Natural Fibers. 2024 Dec 31;21(1):2288286.

21. Catarino RP, Mascareli VA, Leite da Costa VL, Pavanello AC, Spinosa WA. Održivost i čimbenici koji utječu na proizvodnju bakterijske celuloze: pregled utjecaja mikroorganizama, hranjivih podloga i metoda uzgoja. Food Technology and Biotechnology. 2025 Sep 30;63(3):332-50.

22. Watanabe K, Tabuchi M, Morinaga Y, Yoshinaga F. Structural features and properties of bacterial cellulose produced in agitated culture. Cellulose. 1998 Sep;5(3):187-200.

23. Castro C, Zuluaga R, Putaux JL, Caro G, Mondragon I, Gañán P. Structural characterization of bacterial cellulose produced by Gluconacetobacter swingsii sp. from Colombian agroindustrial wastes. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2011 Feb 11;84(1):96-102.

24. Irham WH, Tamrin M. Characterization of bacterial cellulose from coconut water supplemented Curcuma Longa Linn and Ziziphus Mauritiana extract. InAmerican Institute of Physics Conference Series 2020 Sep (Vol. 2267, No. 1, p. 020056).

25. Zhang H, Chen C, Yang J, Sun B, Lin J, Sun D. Effect of culture conditions on cellulose production by a Komagataeibacter xylinus strain. Macromolecular Bioscience. 2022 Jun;22(6):2100476.

26. Krystynowicz A, Czaja W, Wiktorowska-Jezierska A, Gonçalves-Miśkiewicz M, Turkiewicz M, Bielecki S. Factors affecting the yield and properties of bacterial cellulose. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002 Oct 1;29(4):189-95.

27. Srivastava S, Mathur G. Production and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose Synthesized by Komagataeibacter sp. Isolated from Rotten Coconut Pulp. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2024 Apr 30;36(5):1183–90. Available from: https://asianpubs.org/index.php/ajchem/article/view/36_5_27

28. Singh O, Panesar PS, Chopra HK. Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Producing Bacterial Isolate from Rotten Grapes. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia. 2017 Mar 25;14(1):373–80. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2455

29. Almihyawi RA, Musazade E, Alhussany N, Zhang S, Chen H. Production and characterization of bacterial cellulose by Rhizobium sp. isolated from bean root. Scientific Reports. 2024 May 13;14(1):10848.

30. Ch’ng CH, Rahman MR, Muhamad II, Pa’e N, Zaidel DN. Optimization of Bacterial Cellulose Production from Pineapple Waste using Different Fermentation Method. CET Journal-Chemical Engineering Transactions. 2020 Feb 1;78.

31. Jayalakshmi A, Sivarajasekar N, Kumar M, Mekala V. Growth kinetics of cellulose producing bacteria. InAIP Conference Proceedings 2022 Nov 29 (Vol. 2446, No. 1, p. 020020). AIP Publishing LLC.

32. Rastogi A, Sahoo S, Bandyopadhyay TK, Mukherjee R, Banerjee R. Detailed morphological and kinetic studies of cellulose biosynthesis from Leifsonia soli. Polymer. 2022 Mar 1;242:124568.

33. Dayal MS, Goswami N, Sahai A, Jain V, Mathur G, Mathur A. Effect of media components on cell growth and bacterial cellulose production from Acetobacter aceti MTCC 2623. Carbohydrate polymers. 2013 Apr 15;94(1):12-6.

34. Volova TG, Prudnikova SV, Kiselev EG, Nemtsev IV, Vasiliev AD, Kuzmin AP, Shishatskaya EI. Bacterial cellulose (BC) and BC composites: Production and properties. Nanomaterials. 2022 Jan 7;12(2):192.

35. Top B, Uğuzdoğan E, Doğan NM, Arslan Ş, Bozbeyoğlu Kart NN, Kabalay B. Production and characterization of bacterial cellulose from Komagataeibacter xylinus isolated from home-made Turkish wine vinegar. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology. 2021.

36. Lavasani PS, Motevaseli E, Shirzad M, Modarressi MH. Isolation and identification of Komagataeibacter xylinus from Iranian traditional vinegars and molecular analyses. Iranian journal of microbiology. 2017 Dec;9(6):338.

37. Fernández-Martínez LT, Javelle A, Hoskisson PA. Microbial primer: bacterial growth kinetics. Microbiology. 2024 Feb 8;170(2):001428.

38. El-Gendi H, Taha TH, Ray JB, Saleh AK. Recent advances in bacterial cellulose: a low-cost effective production media, optimization strategies and applications. Cellulose. 2022 Sep;29(14):7495-533.

39. Zhong C. Industrial-scale production and applications of bacterial cellulose. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2020 Dec 22;8:605374.

40. Lee AC, Salleh MM, Ibrahim MF, Bahrin EK, Jenol MA, Abd-Aziz S. Pineapple peel as alternative substrate for bacterial nanocellulose production. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2024 Feb;14(4):5541-9.

41. Siddhan P, Sakthivel K, Basavaraj H. Biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose imparting antibacterial property through novel bio-agents. Res J Biotechnol. 2016 Sep;11:9.

42. Drosos A, Kordopati GG, Anastasopoulos C, Zafeiropoulos J, Koutinas AA, Kanellaki M. Comparative study and characterization of water-treated bacterial cellulose produced by solid or liquid inoculum of Komagateibacter sucrofermentans. Cellulose. 2024 Jun;31(9):5545-73.

43. Abderrahim B, Abderrahman E, Mohamed A, Fatima T, Abdesselam T, Krim O. Kinetic thermal degradation of cellulose, polybutylene succinate and a green composite: comparative study. World J. Environ. Eng. 2015;3(4):95-110.

44. Atykyan N, Revin V, Shutova V. Raman and FT-IR Spectroscopy investigation the cellulose structural differences from bacteria Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans during the different regimes of cultivation on a molasses media. Amb Express. 2020 May 3;10(1):84.

45. Cleveland D, Nayak R, Joseph F, Nguyen TA. Characterization of sustainable bacterial cellulose from Indigenous Vietnamese biomass for potential textile applications. Scientific Reports. 2025 Oct 9;15(1):35267.


Ahead of Print Subscription Original Research
Volume 12
02
Received 04/07/2026
Accepted 10/07/2026
Published 15/07/2026
Publication Time 11 Days


Login


My IP

PlumX Metrics