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nOne of the most fascinating trends in recent technology is “Social Robots”, born out of human intelligence. Soft Robots will soon become a vital organ of Human civilization. Social robots are robots that are designed in such a way that they can interact with other living organisms. The detailed study of interactions between a Social robotic system and humans is crucial in developing this technology. With the progress in this field, social robots are becoming more and more intelligent. Social robots are widely used in the healthcare sector, Disease diagnosis, and many other customer services. To better understand this field of Soft Robots and HRI, we decided to summarise both of these concepts. In this paper, we bisected the topic into two parts. In the First part, we tried to explain the basic definition of “Social Robots”, elaborated their architecture, perceptions about them, then we discussed few of the recent and famous Social robots of our time with specifications, it’s benefits and potential risks, and the future of Social robots. In the second part, we attempted to explain HRI and its current status, it’s supervisory control, teleoperations, automated vehicles, social interactions and discussed various human factors that are required to overcome few challenges in this field. Along with that, we discussed the future scope for HRI.n

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1. Prescott TJ, Robillard JM. Are friends electric? The benefits and risks of human-robot relationships. iScience. 2020; 24(1): 1-14.
2. Duffy BR, Rooney CFB, O’Hare GMP et al. What is a Social Robot?; 1999 Sep 1-3; Dublin, Ireland. University College Dublin: Ireland. 10th Irish Conference on Artificial Intelligence & Cognitive Science. 7 2003.
3. Whiting T, Gautam A, Tye J et al. Confronting Barriers to human robot cooperation: balancing efficiency and risk in machine behavior. iScience.2020; 24(1): 1-26.
4. Lynch C.R. Critical Geographies of Social Robotics. Digital Geography and society; 2: 1-3.
5. Arkin RC, Fujita M, Takagi T et al. An ethological and emotional basis for human–robot interaction. Robot. Autonomous Syst: 2003;42(3-4): 191–201.
6. Asada M, MacDorman KF, Ishiguro H et al. Cognitive developmental robotics as a new paradigm for the design of humanoid robots. Robot. Autonomous Syst. 2001; 37(2-3): 185–193.
7. Banks MR, Willoughby LM, Banks WA. Animal-assisted therapy and loneliness in nursing homes: use of robotic versus living dogs. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc: 2008; 9(3): 173–177.
8. Sheridan T.B. Human–Robot Interaction: Status and Challenges. Human Factors: 2016; 58(4):525-532.
9. Anirudh V, Yash Verma. Challenges in the Field of Soft Robotics. Trends in electrical engineering: 2020; 10(3): 46-52.
10. Hara F, Pfeifer R (Eds.). Morpho-functional machines: The new species: Designing embodied intelligence. Springer. 2003
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12. Bongard J, Zykov V, Lipson H. Resilient machines through continuous self-modelling. Science. 2006; 314(5802): 1118-21.
13. Lee JD, & See KA. Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance. Human Factors. 2004; 46:50–80.
14. Murphy RR, & Peschel J. On the human–computer interaction of unmanned aerial system mission specialists. IEEE Transactions on Human–Machine Systems. 2013; 43: 53–56.
15. Murphy RR, Tadokoro S, Nardi D et al. Search and rescue robotics. Handbook of robotics: 2008; 1151-1173.
16. Seppelt BD & Lee JD. Making adaptive cruise control (ACC) limits visible. International Journal of Human–Computer Studies. 2007; 65:183–272.

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nThis paper connected how to design and simulate of simple PMDC Motor usage ANSYS Maxwell Software. The demand for electrical energy in cars is ascent steady. Permanent Direct Current motor is used for the radiator fan, windshield wipers and washers and to drive blowers for heaters and air conditioners, etc., having brushes which have poor efficiency. It is based on ANSYS Maxwell software which is divided into circuit modeling and field, magnetic circuit calculation of basic dimensions and stator slot design winding design, performance and loss calculation and also using RMXPERT and 2D analysis.n

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1. Pawar, AJ; Patil, A. Design and development of 48V PMBLDC motor for radiator fan application by using ANSYS Maxwell software. IEEE 2017 Third International Conference on Sensing, Signal Processing and Security (ICSSS). 4-6, 2017.
2. Hendershot, JR; Miller, TJE. Design of Brushless Permanent Magnet Machines. Hillsboro, OH: Magna Physics Publishing; Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1994 (Book).
3. Carunaiselvane, C; Jeevananthan, S. Generalized procedure for BLDC motor design and substantiation in MagNet 7.1.1 software. IEEE 2012 International Conference on Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies (ICCEET). 1-6, 2012.
4. Miller, P: xEV Market Trend and Prospect. 2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 1-5, 2012.
5. Bimbhra, PS. Generalized Theory; Khanna publications 7thedition (Book).
6. Choi, JH; You, SH; Hur, J; Sung, HG. The Design and Fabrication of BLDC Motor and Drive for 42V Automotive Applications. 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. 1-6, 2007.
7. Cros, J; Kakhki, MT; Sincero, GCR; Martins, C. Design Methodology for Small Brush and Brushless DC Motors. Publisher: Academy Publish, Editors: Academy. 207-235, 2014 (Book).
8. Uygun, D; Solmaz, S. Design and dynamic study of a 6 kW external rotor permanent magnet Brushless DC motor for electric drive trains. 2015 IEEE 5th International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives (POWERENG). 1-5, 2015.
9. Shrivastava, N; Brahmin, A. Design of 3-Phase BLDC Motor for Electric Vehicle Application by Using Finite Element Simulation. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 4(1), 140-145, 2014.
10. Ahmed, S; Zenan, AH, Rahman, M. A two-seater light-weight solar powered clean car: Preliminary design and economic analysis. IEEE 2014 3rd International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET), 1-6, 2014.
11. Sameeullah, M; Chandel, S. Design and analysis of solar electric rickshaw: A green transport model. IEEE 2016 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS). 1-6, 2016.

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nStepper motors, brushless DC motors and switch reluctance motors emerged in the last few decades and these motors are finding applications in the various fields depending upon the demand. Switched reluctance motors have 6-4, 8-6 and 10-8 stator pole-rotor pole construction available. These motors work on the principle of reluctance. In this paper, analysis is carried out for 6 stator pole, 4 rotor pole switched reluctance motor. The parameters like flux linkages, stator current, electromagnetic torque and rotor speed are compared for the two different cases of turn-on angle. Case 1 represents turn-on angle of 400 whereas, case 2 considers turn-on angle of 600. Results of these two cases are compared and conclusions are derived. Complete test bench is simulated in MATLAB/SimulinkTM.n

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1. H. Bausch, A. Greif, A.B.A. Nickel. “A switched reluctance and an induction machine in a drive train for an electrical vehicle under the conditions of car application”. International Conference on Electrical Machines ICEM 2000. 28-30 August 2000; Espoo, Finland. 1313- 1316 p.
2. R. B. Inderka, J-P. Altendorf, L. Sjöberg, R.W. De Doncker. Design of a 75 kW Switched Reluctance Drive for Electric Vehicles”. EVS 18 Berlin 2001.
3. K.M. Rahman, S. E. Schulz. “Design of high efficiency and high density switched reluctance motor for vehicle propulsion”. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. November- December 2002; 38 (6) :1500-1507.
4. K.W.E. Cheng, Y.P.B. Yeung, C.Y. Tang, et, al. “Topology analysis of switched reluctance drives for electric vehicles”. 2000 Eighth International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable Speed. 18-19 September 2000; London, UK. US: IEEE Press; 512-517 p.
5. R. Inderka, M. Menne, R.W. De Donker. “Control of switched reluctance drives for electric vehicle applications”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. February 2002; 49(1): 48-53.
6. SV Rajani, V Pandya, A. Suvariya. A Real Time Comparison of Standalone and Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Generation Systems. International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 9 (8): 1000-1007.
7. Sachin Rajani, Vivek J Pandya. Supercapacitor-Battery Hybridization to Prevent Battery Life for Pulsed Load Applications, Journal of Power Electronics & Power Systems. 2018; 8(1): 1–15.
8. Sachin Vrajlal Rajani, Parag Mashru. Return on Investments and Payback Period Calculations for Solar Rooftop Power Plants: A Case Study for Gujarat, India, Journal of Power Electronics & Power Systems. 2018; 8(1): 24–28p.
9. T.J.E. Miller, Switched Reluctance Motors and Their Control, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993.
10. R. Krishnan, Switched Reluctance Motor Drives, CRC Press, 2001.
11. D.A. Torrey, X.M. Niu, E.J. Unkauf. “Analytical modelling of variable-reluctance machine magnetisation characteristics”. IEEE Proceedings – Electric Power Applications. January 1995; 142(1): 14-22.
12. H. Le-Huy, P. Brunelle. “Design and Implementation of a Switched Reluctance Motor Generic Model for Simulink Sim Power Systems,” Electrimacs 2005 Conference.

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nHybrid train is a train which is a hybrid of the concept ideas of coil gun, rail gun, halback array, magnetic levitation etc. Theoretically this train could achieve the fastest Speed an object could reach respect to its mass. This train could surpass sound barrier and could even be made to go to speed exceeding mach 3. But due to travel safety a certain speed limit can be implemented in these train. These trains use less amount of electricity. These trains need electricity only to excite the train moving forward so the other winding loops can be switched off. The concept of coil gun is used to accelerate ions in LHC to do various scientific experiment in the LHC the atoms are accelerated very much closer to the speed of light (299,792,458 m/s). But due to the increase in mass the Einstein equation states that the greater the mass the more energy need to be applied to achieve certain speed. Thus, we can control the speed of the train to a speed at which even the severe accident leads to the least injury. This train could be the future of our humanity and has the highest safety measures a train could have.n

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1. Electromagnetic Railgun/Coilgun Space Shuttle Launcher. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT).June 2021; 10(06).
2. Instructable workshop. (2018) Homemade Railgun [Online]. Available from https://www.instructables.com/How-to-make-Homemade-Railgun/
3. Cengiz Akay, Uğur Bavuk, Adem Tunçdamar, Mehmet Özer. “Coilgun design and evaluation without capacitor”. Journal of Mechatronics and Artificial Intelligence in Engineering. 2020; 1(2): 53-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21595/jmai.2020.21627
4. Instructable workshop. (Aug 19, 2018) Making Portable Coil Gun [Online]. Available from https://www.instructables.com/Making-a-Portable-Coil-gun/
5. Wikipedia. (9 September 2021) Halbach_array [Online]. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halbach_array
6. K & J Magnetics. Halbach arrays [Online]. Available from https://www.kjmagnetics.com/blog.asp?p=halbach-arrays-2
7. Wikipedia. (28 October 2021) Magnetic Leviation [Online]. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_levitation
8. M.T. Thompson. “Eddy current magnetic levitation. Models and experiments”. IEEE Potentials. March 2000; 19(1): 40 – 44.
9. Youtube. (Jan 30, 2017) Electromagnetic Levitation Quadcopter [Online]. Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCON4zfMzjU
10. Wikipedia. (28 October 2021) Eddy Current [Online]. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current.

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nThe main objective of this paper is to implement the process of “Smart Home Automation” using various tools like mobile application, door security system, etc. thereby trying to increase the accessibility and comfort level of our customers while improving the security features and making the various processes cost efficient at the same time. This work mainly focused on making the accessibility of the various devices in a house easier for children, elders and disabled people. The described system uses communication, switching and relay components to monitor, control and switch on/switch off the appliances available in the house. The major component of the system is the Graphical User Interface application (GUI App) for the user, which communicates with the appliances using components like Bluetooth transceiver and Microcontroller. Here we can use IFTTT platform for use various equipment working whenever customer speaks onoff that will works.n

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1. Subhankar Vinay sagar K N, Kusuma S M. “Home Automation Using Internet of Things”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). Jan-2015; 02 (03): 1965-1970
2. Priten P. Shah, Anjali A. Patil, Subodh S. Ingleshwar. “IoT based smart water tank with Andriod application”. 2017 International conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC 2017). 10-11 Feb. 2017; Palladam, India. US: IEEE Publisher; 2017.
3. Building Blocks for IoT Analytics Internet-of-Things analytics, John Soldatos (Editor), River Publishers
4. Mr. Pratik P Jesani, Prof. Tushar J Raval, Prof. Karishma A Chaudhary. “A Review on IoT Based Smart Home Using Blynk Framework”, IJARIIE -International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative ideas in Education. 2017; 3(5): 624-632.
5. BCC Research, Market Forecasting. (March 2011) [Online] Available from https://www.bccresearch.com/index/solrsearchkeyword?search_keyword=Sensor+technologies
6. S. Doshi, Minesh s. Shah, umair s a. Shaikh, “Internet of Things (IOT): Integration of Blynk for Domestic Usability”, VJER-Vishwakarma Journal of Engineering Research. December 2017; 1(4): 139-157.
7. Subhankar Chattoraj Based on Smart Home Automation. “Different sensors and Arduino as the master controller. IJSRP-International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. October 2015; 5(10):1-4.

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