IJREC

Strategies for Electronic Wastes Management for Sustainable and Green Environment in Nigeria

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By [foreach 286]u00a0

u00a0Oluwadare Joshua Oyebode,

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nJanuary 7, 2023 at 12:03 pm

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nAbstract

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Adequate strategies need to be put in place for electrical and electronic waste management, renewable energy commercialization, green societies and sustainable development in Nigeria. This paper examined handling, disposal and management of electronic waste in Nigerian environment. Methodology adopted includes literature reviews of issues on this subject matter, specific site inspection, surveys and secondary data from users and industries with massive electronic waste. It has been discovered that these wastes have not been management effectively for greener society. A lot of scrap metals, obsolete equipment and other electronic wastes are being dumped into developing countries due to poverty, eagerness for information communication technology and economic recession. It has been concluded that most health issues and industrial pollution can be traced to the inadequate management electronic wastes. Electronic wastes eventually find their way into landfills because of arrival of latest electronics, hence electronic Wastes pose health challenges and environmental hazards to humans, livestock and ecology due to poor management. Facilities, legal framework, and alternative initiatives and means of managing E-Waste both nationally and internationally are essential in developing countries. Electronic wastes issues could be turned into a useful tool for capacity building of various sectors with employment generation, wealth creation, opportunities and poverty alleviation. Recommendations are made for better policy, appropriate technology and treatment of Electronic waste for environmental sustainability, socio-economic development and pollution reduction in Nigeria.

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Volume :u00a0u00a07 | Issue :u00a0u00a02 | Received :u00a0u00a0November 11, 2021 | Accepted :u00a0u00a0December 12, 2021 | Published :u00a0u00a0December 31, 2021n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization(ijrec)] [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue Strategies for Electronic Wastes Management for Sustainable and Green Environment in Nigeria under section in International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization(ijrec)] [/if 424]
Keywords Electronic waste, environmental sustainability, pollution reduction, green societies, renewable energy commercialization

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References

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1. Ilankoon, I. M. S. K., Ghorbani, Y., Chong, M. N., et.al. E-waste in the international context–A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards, waste management strategies and technologies for value recovery. Waste Management. 2018; 82: 258-275.
2. Manhart, A., Osibanjo, O., Aderinto, A., et.al.[June 2011]. Informal e-waste management in Lagos, Nigeria–socio-economic impacts and feasibility of international recycling co-operations. Final report of component [online]. Available from
http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/eWaste/Ewaste_Africa_Project_Nigeria.pdf
3. Nnorom, I. C., Ohakwe, J., Osibanjo, O. Survey of willingness of residents to participate in electronic waste recycling in Nigeria–A case study of mobile phone recycling. Journal of cleaner production. 2009; 17(18): 1629-1637.
4. Pariatamby, A., Victor, D. Policy trends of e-waste management in Asia. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 2013; 15(4): 411-419.
5. Awasthi, A. K., Li, J., Koh, L., et.al. Circular economy and electronic waste. Nature Electronics. 2019; 2(3): 86-89.
6. Borthakur, A., Govind, M. Emerging trends in consumers’ E-waste disposal behaviour and awareness: A worldwide overview with special focus on India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2017; 117: 102-113.
7. Pinto, V. N., Patil D.Y. E-waste Hazard: The Impending Challenge. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2008; 12(2): 65-70.
8. Miner, K. J., Rampedi, I. T., Ifegbesan, A. P., et.al. Survey on household awareness and willingness to participate in e-waste management in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Sustainability. 2020; 12(3): 1047.
9. Ezeah, C., C. L. Roberts. Waste governance agenda in Nigerian cities: A comparative analysis. Habitat Int. 2014; 41:121–128. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.007.
10. Bimir, M. N. Revisiting e-waste management practices in selected African countries. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 2020; 70(7): 659-669.
11. UNEP, (2007a) E-Waste: Volume I Inventory Assessment Manual. United Nations Environment Protection” 123 pp.
12. UNEP, (2007b) E-Waste: Volume II E-Waste Management Manual United Nations Environment Protection, 124 pp.
13. Ban BC, Song JY, Lim JY, et.al. Studies on the reuse of waste printed circuit board as an additive for cement mortar. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2005;40(3):645-656.
14. ENVIS, (2008) “Electronic Waste”, ENVIS Newsletter, Mumbai, India. EWaste Guide. Available from: http://www.ewaste.in. [last accessed on 2008 Jan 1]
15. Needhidasan, S., Samuel, M., Chidambaram, R. Electronic waste–an emerging threat to the environment of urban India. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2014; 12(1): 1-9.
16. Oyebode, O.J. Solid waste management for sustainable development and public health: A case study of Lagos State in Nigeria. Universal journal of public health. 2013; 1(3): 33-39.
17. Oyebode, O. J. Evaluation of municipal solid waste management for improved public health and environment in Nigeria. European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology. 2018; 5(8): 525-534.
18. Oyebode, O. J. Design of Engineered Sanitary Landfill For Efficient Solid Waste Management In Ado–Ekiti, South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies. 2017; 3(9): 2144-2160.
19. Oyebode, O. J. Impact of Environmental Laws and Regulations on Nigerian Environment. World Journal of Research and Review. 2018; 7(3): 262587

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[if 424 not_equal=”Regular Issue”] Regular Issue[/if 424] Open Access Article

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization

ISSN: 2582-4120

Editors Overview

ijrec maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.

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    Oluwadare Joshua Oyebode

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  1. Lecturer,Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekit,Ekiti,Nigeria
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Abstract

nAdequate strategies need to be put in place for electrical and electronic waste management, renewable energy commercialization, green societies and sustainable development in Nigeria. This paper examined handling, disposal and management of electronic waste in Nigerian environment. Methodology adopted includes literature reviews of issues on this subject matter, specific site inspection, surveys and secondary data from users and industries with massive electronic waste. It has been discovered that these wastes have not been management effectively for greener society. A lot of scrap metals, obsolete equipment and other electronic wastes are being dumped into developing countries due to poverty, eagerness for information communication technology and economic recession. It has been concluded that most health issues and industrial pollution can be traced to the inadequate management electronic wastes. Electronic wastes eventually find their way into landfills because of arrival of latest electronics, hence electronic Wastes pose health challenges and environmental hazards to humans, livestock and ecology due to poor management. Facilities, legal framework, and alternative initiatives and means of managing E-Waste both nationally and internationally are essential in developing countries. Electronic wastes issues could be turned into a useful tool for capacity building of various sectors with employment generation, wealth creation, opportunities and poverty alleviation. Recommendations are made for better policy, appropriate technology and treatment of Electronic waste for environmental sustainability, socio-economic development and pollution reduction in Nigeria.n

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Keywords: Electronic waste, environmental sustainability, pollution reduction, green societies, renewable energy commercialization

n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization(ijrec)]

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References

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1. Ilankoon, I. M. S. K., Ghorbani, Y., Chong, M. N., et.al. E-waste in the international context–A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards, waste management strategies and technologies for value recovery. Waste Management. 2018; 82: 258-275.
2. Manhart, A., Osibanjo, O., Aderinto, A., et.al.[June 2011]. Informal e-waste management in Lagos, Nigeria–socio-economic impacts and feasibility of international recycling co-operations. Final report of component [online]. Available from
http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/eWaste/Ewaste_Africa_Project_Nigeria.pdf
3. Nnorom, I. C., Ohakwe, J., Osibanjo, O. Survey of willingness of residents to participate in electronic waste recycling in Nigeria–A case study of mobile phone recycling. Journal of cleaner production. 2009; 17(18): 1629-1637.
4. Pariatamby, A., Victor, D. Policy trends of e-waste management in Asia. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 2013; 15(4): 411-419.
5. Awasthi, A. K., Li, J., Koh, L., et.al. Circular economy and electronic waste. Nature Electronics. 2019; 2(3): 86-89.
6. Borthakur, A., Govind, M. Emerging trends in consumers’ E-waste disposal behaviour and awareness: A worldwide overview with special focus on India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2017; 117: 102-113.
7. Pinto, V. N., Patil D.Y. E-waste Hazard: The Impending Challenge. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2008; 12(2): 65-70.
8. Miner, K. J., Rampedi, I. T., Ifegbesan, A. P., et.al. Survey on household awareness and willingness to participate in e-waste management in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Sustainability. 2020; 12(3): 1047.
9. Ezeah, C., C. L. Roberts. Waste governance agenda in Nigerian cities: A comparative analysis. Habitat Int. 2014; 41:121–128. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.007.
10. Bimir, M. N. Revisiting e-waste management practices in selected African countries. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 2020; 70(7): 659-669.
11. UNEP, (2007a) E-Waste: Volume I Inventory Assessment Manual. United Nations Environment Protection” 123 pp.
12. UNEP, (2007b) E-Waste: Volume II E-Waste Management Manual United Nations Environment Protection, 124 pp.
13. Ban BC, Song JY, Lim JY, et.al. Studies on the reuse of waste printed circuit board as an additive for cement mortar. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2005;40(3):645-656.
14. ENVIS, (2008) “Electronic Waste”, ENVIS Newsletter, Mumbai, India. EWaste Guide. Available from: http://www.ewaste.in. [last accessed on 2008 Jan 1]
15. Needhidasan, S., Samuel, M., Chidambaram, R. Electronic waste–an emerging threat to the environment of urban India. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2014; 12(1): 1-9.
16. Oyebode, O.J. Solid waste management for sustainable development and public health: A case study of Lagos State in Nigeria. Universal journal of public health. 2013; 1(3): 33-39.
17. Oyebode, O. J. Evaluation of municipal solid waste management for improved public health and environment in Nigeria. European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology. 2018; 5(8): 525-534.
18. Oyebode, O. J. Design of Engineered Sanitary Landfill For Efficient Solid Waste Management In Ado–Ekiti, South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies. 2017; 3(9): 2144-2160.
19. Oyebode, O. J. Impact of Environmental Laws and Regulations on Nigerian Environment. World Journal of Research and Review. 2018; 7(3): 262587

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization

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[if 344 not_equal=””]ISSN: 2582-4120[/if 344]

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Volume 7
Issue 2
Received November 11, 2021
Accepted December 12, 2021
Published December 31, 2021

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Read More
IJREC

Effect of Compression Pressure on the Strength and Fuel Properties of Maize Cob Briquettes

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By [foreach 286]u00a0

u00a0Sunday Yusuf Kpalo,

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nJanuary 7, 2023 at 11:32 am

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nAbstract

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Biomass can be densified under a high compression pressure or a low compression pressure. The type of raw material, moisture level, particle size, and form typically all influence how much pressure should be used. This study utilized maize cobs and waste paper pulp to produce briquettes which are seen as alternative fuels. The goal was to determine how compression pressure affected the strength and fuel characteristics of the briquettes that were formed. The biomass was mixed together at different ratios and compacted using a manually operated hydraulic piston-press. Different compression pressures of 5, 7 and 10 MPa were applied during densification. The compressive strength of briquettes was determined using a universal testing machine while determination of the higher heating value of the briquette was done using the IKA C2000 Basic bomb calorimeter. Also, burning rate was determined through the combustion of mass of fuel in the air. Results indicated that with increasing compression pressure, density, compressive strength, and higher heating value greatly increased. The rate at which briquettes burned, however, was negatively impacted by increasing compression pressure The burning rate decreases with increasing compression pressure because there are fewer air voids in the briquettes, which limits the amount of mass and heat that can be transferred during combustion. Adequate strength and heating value can be obtained in briquettes compressed at 10 MPa. However, a compression pressure of 7 MPa should suffice for combustion efficiency in terms of burning rate. Findings from this study could improve present agricultural residue densification technology, especially in rural areas where there is dire need of alternative energy.

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Volume :u00a0u00a08 | Issue :u00a0u00a01 | Received :u00a0u00a0June 7, 2022 | Accepted :u00a0u00a0June 14, 2022 | Published :u00a0u00a0July 21, 2022n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization(ijrec)] [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue Effect of Compression Pressure on the Strength and Fuel Properties of Maize Cob Briquettes under section in International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization(ijrec)] [/if 424]
Keywords briquettes, burning rate, compression pressure, maize cobs, paper pulp, fuel properties

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References

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1. Yin R, Liu R, Mei Y, Fei W, Sun X. Characterization of bio-oil and bio-char obtained from sweet sorghum bagasse fast pyrolysis with fractional condensers. Fuel. 2013;112:96–104.
2. Kpalo SY, Zainuddin MF, Halim HA, Ahmad AF, Abbas Z. Physical characterization of briquettes produced from paper pulp and Mesua ferrea mixtures. Biofuels. 2022;13(3):333-40.
3. Anozie AN, Odejobi OJ, Alozie EE. Estimation of Carbon Emission Reduction in a Cogeneration System Using Sawdust. Energy Sources, Part A Recover Util Environ Eff. 2009;31(9):711–21.
4. Poddar S, Kamruzzaman M, Sujan SMA, Hossain M, Jamal MS, Gafur MA, et al. Effect of compression pressure on lignocellulosic biomass pellet to improve fuel properties: Higher heating value. Fuel. 2014;131:43–8.
5. Tiwari C. Producing fuel briquettes from sugarcane waste. In: EWB-UK National Research & Education Conference. Sheffield, UK; 2011. p. 39–45.
6. Ngusale GK, Luo Y, Kiplagat JK. Briquette making in Kenya: Nairobi and peri-urban areas. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2014;40:749–59.
7. Mitchual SJ, Frimpong-Mensah K, Darkwa NA. Effect of species, particle size and compacting pressure on relaxed density and compressive strength of fuel briquettes. Int J Energy Environ Eng. 2013;4(1):1–6.
8. Bazargan A, Rough SL, McKay G. Compaction of palm kernel shell biochars for application as solid fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2014;70:489–97.
9. Yank A, Ngadi M, Kok R. Physical properties of rice husk and bran briquettes under low pressure densification for rural applications. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2016;84:22–30.
10. Lubwama M, Yiga VA. Development of groundnut shells and bagasse briquettes as sustainable fuel sources for domestic cooking applications in Uganda. Renew Energy. 2017;111:532–42.
11. Dinesha P, Kumar S, Rosen MA. Biomass Briquettes as an Alternative Fuel: A Comprehensive Review. Energy Technol. 2018;1(11):1–21.
12. Okot DK, Bilsborrow PE, Phan AN. Effects of operating parameters on maize COB briquette quality. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2018;112:61–72.
13. Ayub HR. Effect of Compacting Pressure on Fuel Properties of Finger Millet Briquettes. J Energy Technol Policy. 2017;7(8):25–9.
14. Chin OC, Siddiqui KM. Characteristics of some biomass briquettes prepared under modest die pressures. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2000;18:223–8.
15. Kaliyan N, Vance Morey R. Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2009;33:337–59.
16. Davies RM, Davies OA. Physical and combustion characteristics of briquettes made from water hyacinth and phytoplankton scum as binder. J Combust. 2013;2013:1–7.
17. Muazu RI, Stegemann JA. Effects of operating variables on durability of fuel briquettes from rice husks and corn cobs. Fuel Process Technol. 2015;133:137–45.
18. ASTM A. D4442-16: Standard test methods for direct moisture content measurement of wood and wood-based materials. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society of Testing and Materials. 2016.
19. ASTM D. 3175–11. Standard test method for volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal and coke. ASTM International. 2018.
20. ASTM D. 3175–11. Standard test method for volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal and coke. ASTM International. 2018.
21. ASTM D3176-15. Standard Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.; 2015.
22. ASTM D2395-17. Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.; 2017.
23. ASTM D2166-85. Standard test method of compressive strength of wood. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.; 2008.
24. ASTM D5865-13. Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.; 2013.
25. Hakizimana J de DK, Kim H-T. Peat briquette as an alternative to cooking fuel: A techno- economic viability assessment in Rwanda. Energy. 2016;102:453–64.
26. ISO 17225-7. Solid biofuels—Fuel specifications and classes—Part 7: Graded non-woody briquettes. ISO: Geneva, Switzerland; 2014.
27. Mitchual SJ, Katamani P, Afrifa KA. Fuel characteristics of binder free briquettes made at room temperature from blends of oil palm mesocarp fibre and Ceiba pentandra. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. 2019;541–51.
28. Ujjinappa S, Sreepathi LK. Production and quality testing of fuel briquettes made from pongamia and tamarind shell. Sadhana. 2018;43(58):1–7.
29. Theerarattananoon K, Xu F, Wilson J, Ballard R, Mckinney L, Staggenborg S, et al. Physical properties of pellets made from sorghum stalk, corn stover, wheat straw, and big bluestem. Ind Crop Prod. 2010;33:325–32.
30. Kpalo SY, Zainuddin MF, Manaf LA, Roslan AM. Production and Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from Corncobs and Oil Palm Trunk Bark under a Low Pressure Densification Technique. Sustainability. 2020;12(6):1–16.
31. Kpalo SY, Zainuddin MF, Halim HBA, Ahmad AF, Abbas Z. Physical characterization of briquettes produced from paper pulp and Mesua ferrea mixtures. Biofuels. 2019;13(3):333–40.
32. Navalta CJLG, Banaag KGC, Raboy VAO, Go AW, Cabatingan LK, Ju YH. Solid fuel from Co- briquetting of sugarcane bagasse and rice bran. Renew Energy. 2020;147:1941–58.

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[if 424 not_equal=”Regular Issue”] Regular Issue[/if 424] Open Access Article

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization

ISSN: 2582-4120

Editors Overview

ijrec maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.

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    By  [foreach 286]n

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    Sunday Yusuf Kpalo

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  1. Senior Lecturer,Department of Geography, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Nasarawa State University,Keffi,Nigeria
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Abstract

nBiomass can be densified under a high compression pressure or a low compression pressure. The type of raw material, moisture level, particle size, and form typically all influence how much pressure should be used. This study utilized maize cobs and waste paper pulp to produce briquettes which are seen as alternative fuels. The goal was to determine how compression pressure affected the strength and fuel characteristics of the briquettes that were formed. The biomass was mixed together at different ratios and compacted using a manually operated hydraulic piston-press. Different compression pressures of 5, 7 and 10 MPa were applied during densification. The compressive strength of briquettes was determined using a universal testing machine while determination of the higher heating value of the briquette was done using the IKA C2000 Basic bomb calorimeter. Also, burning rate was determined through the combustion of mass of fuel in the air. Results indicated that with increasing compression pressure, density, compressive strength, and higher heating value greatly increased. The rate at which briquettes burned, however, was negatively impacted by increasing compression pressure The burning rate decreases with increasing compression pressure because there are fewer air voids in the briquettes, which limits the amount of mass and heat that can be transferred during combustion. Adequate strength and heating value can be obtained in briquettes compressed at 10 MPa. However, a compression pressure of 7 MPa should suffice for combustion efficiency in terms of burning rate. Findings from this study could improve present agricultural residue densification technology, especially in rural areas where there is dire need of alternative energy.n

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Keywords: briquettes, burning rate, compression pressure, maize cobs, paper pulp, fuel properties

n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization(ijrec)]

n[/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue under section in International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization(ijrec)] [/if 424]

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References

n[if 1104 equals=””]

1. Yin R, Liu R, Mei Y, Fei W, Sun X. Characterization of bio-oil and bio-char obtained from sweet sorghum bagasse fast pyrolysis with fractional condensers. Fuel. 2013;112:96–104.
2. Kpalo SY, Zainuddin MF, Halim HA, Ahmad AF, Abbas Z. Physical characterization of briquettes produced from paper pulp and Mesua ferrea mixtures. Biofuels. 2022;13(3):333-40.
3. Anozie AN, Odejobi OJ, Alozie EE. Estimation of Carbon Emission Reduction in a Cogeneration System Using Sawdust. Energy Sources, Part A Recover Util Environ Eff. 2009;31(9):711–21.
4. Poddar S, Kamruzzaman M, Sujan SMA, Hossain M, Jamal MS, Gafur MA, et al. Effect of compression pressure on lignocellulosic biomass pellet to improve fuel properties: Higher heating value. Fuel. 2014;131:43–8.
5. Tiwari C. Producing fuel briquettes from sugarcane waste. In: EWB-UK National Research & Education Conference. Sheffield, UK; 2011. p. 39–45.
6. Ngusale GK, Luo Y, Kiplagat JK. Briquette making in Kenya: Nairobi and peri-urban areas. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2014;40:749–59.
7. Mitchual SJ, Frimpong-Mensah K, Darkwa NA. Effect of species, particle size and compacting pressure on relaxed density and compressive strength of fuel briquettes. Int J Energy Environ Eng. 2013;4(1):1–6.
8. Bazargan A, Rough SL, McKay G. Compaction of palm kernel shell biochars for application as solid fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2014;70:489–97.
9. Yank A, Ngadi M, Kok R. Physical properties of rice husk and bran briquettes under low pressure densification for rural applications. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2016;84:22–30.
10. Lubwama M, Yiga VA. Development of groundnut shells and bagasse briquettes as sustainable fuel sources for domestic cooking applications in Uganda. Renew Energy. 2017;111:532–42.
11. Dinesha P, Kumar S, Rosen MA. Biomass Briquettes as an Alternative Fuel: A Comprehensive Review. Energy Technol. 2018;1(11):1–21.
12. Okot DK, Bilsborrow PE, Phan AN. Effects of operating parameters on maize COB briquette quality. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2018;112:61–72.
13. Ayub HR. Effect of Compacting Pressure on Fuel Properties of Finger Millet Briquettes. J Energy Technol Policy. 2017;7(8):25–9.
14. Chin OC, Siddiqui KM. Characteristics of some biomass briquettes prepared under modest die pressures. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2000;18:223–8.
15. Kaliyan N, Vance Morey R. Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2009;33:337–59.
16. Davies RM, Davies OA. Physical and combustion characteristics of briquettes made from water hyacinth and phytoplankton scum as binder. J Combust. 2013;2013:1–7.
17. Muazu RI, Stegemann JA. Effects of operating variables on durability of fuel briquettes from rice husks and corn cobs. Fuel Process Technol. 2015;133:137–45.
18. ASTM A. D4442-16: Standard test methods for direct moisture content measurement of wood and wood-based materials. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society of Testing and Materials. 2016.
19. ASTM D. 3175–11. Standard test method for volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal and coke. ASTM International. 2018.
20. ASTM D. 3175–11. Standard test method for volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal and coke. ASTM International. 2018.
21. ASTM D3176-15. Standard Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.; 2015.
22. ASTM D2395-17. Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.; 2017.
23. ASTM D2166-85. Standard test method of compressive strength of wood. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.; 2008.
24. ASTM D5865-13. Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.; 2013.
25. Hakizimana J de DK, Kim H-T. Peat briquette as an alternative to cooking fuel: A techno- economic viability assessment in Rwanda. Energy. 2016;102:453–64.
26. ISO 17225-7. Solid biofuels—Fuel specifications and classes—Part 7: Graded non-woody briquettes. ISO: Geneva, Switzerland; 2014.
27. Mitchual SJ, Katamani P, Afrifa KA. Fuel characteristics of binder free briquettes made at room temperature from blends of oil palm mesocarp fibre and Ceiba pentandra. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. 2019;541–51.
28. Ujjinappa S, Sreepathi LK. Production and quality testing of fuel briquettes made from pongamia and tamarind shell. Sadhana. 2018;43(58):1–7.
29. Theerarattananoon K, Xu F, Wilson J, Ballard R, Mckinney L, Staggenborg S, et al. Physical properties of pellets made from sorghum stalk, corn stover, wheat straw, and big bluestem. Ind Crop Prod. 2010;33:325–32.
30. Kpalo SY, Zainuddin MF, Manaf LA, Roslan AM. Production and Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from Corncobs and Oil Palm Trunk Bark under a Low Pressure Densification Technique. Sustainability. 2020;12(6):1–16.
31. Kpalo SY, Zainuddin MF, Halim HBA, Ahmad AF, Abbas Z. Physical characterization of briquettes produced from paper pulp and Mesua ferrea mixtures. Biofuels. 2019;13(3):333–40.
32. Navalta CJLG, Banaag KGC, Raboy VAO, Go AW, Cabatingan LK, Ju YH. Solid fuel from Co- briquetting of sugarcane bagasse and rice bran. Renew Energy. 2020;147:1941–58.

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Volume 8
Issue 1
Received June 7, 2022
Accepted June 14, 2022
Published July 21, 2022

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Catalytic Steam Recycle of Bio-oil Produces Hydrogen

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Abstract

nThe “water-gas shift reaction” is a process that combines the vapour and carbon monoxide to produce carbon dioxide and more hydrogen. Steam reforming of actual bio-oil is a more realistic method for producing H2 despite substantial research on the heat reform of model compounds (such as ethanol). With a focus on the creation of catalysts for the procedure, this paper covers current developments in the steam reforming of actual bio-oil. Given its strong activity for cleaving C-C and C-H bonds among the examined catalysts, Ni is seen as promising. A cheap production cost is an additional benefit. Reduced carbon deposition, methane inhibition, and the encouragement of water gas reactions are three methods for enhancing catalyst performance. To shed light on the connection of catalysts structure and performance and provide direction for the design of high-performing bio-oil steam reforming catalysts, a discussion of the current knowledge of the catalyzed reaction and catalyst deactivation is also included in this review. In this study, several Ni/ATC (Atapulgite Clay) catalysts produced by precipitation, impregnation, and mechanical blending processes were used to examine catalysis steam reforming acetic acid obtained from the aqueous component of bio-oil towards hydrogen production. XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, TEM, and H2-TPR were used to analyses the new and reduced catalysts. The extensive results showed that the precipitation approach used to make the Ni/ATC catalyst considerably increased the interaction between the active metallic Ni and the ATC carrier and produced the maximum metal dispersion when compared to other methods. Through the steam distillation of acetic acid at different temperature in a corrected reactor at atmospheric pressure, the three catalysts’ catalytic performance was assessed.

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Keywords: hydrogen, attapulgite clay, Catalytic, environmental pollution, exploitation

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References

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1. Hosseini S.E. Wahid M.A. Hydrogen Production from Renewable and Sustainable Energy Resources. Promising Green Energy Carrier for Clean Development. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 2015; 57. 850-866.
2. Ayalur Chattanathan, S. Adhikari, S. Abdoulmoumine, N. A review on current status of hydrogen production from bio-oil. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2012;16. 2366-2372
3. Trane, R. Dahl, S. Skjøth-Rasmussen M.S. Jensen A.D. Catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2012; 37. 6447-6472
4. Resende K.A. Ávila-Neto C.N. Rabelo-Neto R.C. et al. Hydrogen production by reforming of acetic acid using La–Ni type perovskites partially substituted. 2015; 242. 71-79.
5. Goicoechea S. Kraleva E. Sokolov S et al. Support effect on structure and performance of Co and Ni catalysts for steam reforming of acetic acid. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2016; 514. 182-191.
6. Assaf P.G.M. Nogueira F.G.E. alumina applied to steam reforming of acetic acid: Representative compound forthe aqueous phase of bio-oil derived from biomass. Catal. Today 2013; 213. 2-8.
7. Wang S.R.Li X.B. Long G. Experimental research on acetic acid steam reforming over Co-Fe catalysts and subsequent density functional theory studies. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2012; 37. 11122-11131.
8. Hu X. Lu G. Acetic acid steam reforming to hydrogen over Co-Ce/Al2O3 and Co-La/Al2O3 catalysts-The promotion effect of Ce and La addition. Catal. Commun. 2010;12. 50-53.
9. Zhang F.B. Wang N. Yang L. et al. Ni-Co bimetallic MgO-based catalysts for hydrogen production via steam reforming of acetic acid from bio-oil. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2014; 39. 18688-18694.
10. Esteves L.M. Brijaldo M.H. Passos F.B. Decomposition of acetic acid for hydrogen production over Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/TiO2: Influence of metal precursor. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2016; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2016.02.001
11. Ma H.Y. Zeng L.Tian H.et al. Efficient hydrogen production from ethanol steam reforming over La-modified orderedmesoporous Ni-based catalysts. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016;181.321-331.
12. Wang Y.S. Chen M.Q. Liu S.M. et al. Hydrogen production via catalytic steam reforming of bio- oil model compounds over NiOFe2O3-loaded palygouskite. J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 2015; 43. 1470-5.
13. Luo X. Hong Y. Wang F.C. et al. Development of nano NixMgyO solid solutions with outstanding anti-carbondeposition capability for the steam reforming of methanol. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2016; 194. 84-97.
14. Vicente J. Ereña J. Montero C.et al. Reactionpathway for ethanol steam reforming on a Ni/SiO2 catalyst including coke formation. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2014; 39. 18820-18834.
15. Calles J.A. Carrero A. Vizcaíno A.J. García-Moreno L. Hydrogen production by glycerol steam reforming over SBA-15-supported nickel catalysts: Effect of alkaline earth promoters on activity and stability. Catal. Today 2014;198-206.

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Volume 8
Issue 1
Received August 10, 2022
Accepted August 16, 2022
Published August 18, 2022

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Water consumption from hydroelectricity

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization

ISSN: 2582-4120

Editors Overview

ijrec maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.

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Open Access

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Abstract Submission Deadline : November 30, 2023

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Manuscript Submission Deadline : December 25, 2023

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n Special Issue Descriptionn

Effective management of these resources depends on having a clear understanding of how the energy and water systems interact. Even as droughts and climate change have made concerns regarding reservoir evaporation reactivity more pertinent, improved data availability has made more thorough modeling of hydropower and its water usage possible. This research contributes in three key ways: It provides national and regional estimates of gross evaporation and net evaporation (defined as evaporation less evapotranspiration from local land cover) for U.S. hydroelectricity, making the case that net evaporation is more consistent with other measurements of energy-related water intensity. The approach for estimating system-wide evaporation based on primary purpose allocation is presented and validated, resulting in a two-orders-of-magnitude reduction in the amount of data needed. The whole Penman-Monteith model with numerous integrated sensitivity studies is made available for public use. This model estimates that the U.S. hydropower system uses 1.7 m3 of net freshwater for every GJ of electricity produced.

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Hydroelectricity, Water, Energy systems, Hydropower, Evapotranspiration, Sensitivity analysis, Magnitude, Water intensity, Evaporation

n Manuscript Submission informationn

Manuscripts should be submitted online via the manuscript Engine. Once you register on APID, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline.n All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the email address:[email protected] for announcement on this website.n Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a Double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for the submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page.

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