ijgc maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.
n
n
n
n
n
n
Open Access
n
Special Issue
n
Topic
n
n Green synthesis-related antimicrobial activitiesn
The techniques are easy, environmentally friendly, and biocompatible. The phenolics and polyphenols (flavonoids, quinones, tannins, and coumarins), terpenoids, alkaloids, lectins, and polypeptides are the main families of phytochemicals with antimicrobial activities.Such materials are especially to develop skills, this term is used to describe a type of material with a large quantity of chemical energy stored in it that could be released. Explosives, pyrotechnic compositions, propellants (e.g. smokeless gunpowders and rocket fuels), and fuels are all examples of energetic materials (e.g. diesel fuel and gasoline). This phrase describes the application of physical chemistry specifically to established skills, theory to computer, and information science techniques—so-called silico’s techniques—to a variety of descriptive and prescriptive problems.
n [if 233 not_equal=””]Editor [foreach 234]n
,
n [/foreach][/if 233]n Keywordsn n Manuscript Submission informationn
Manuscripts should be submitted online via the manuscript Engine. Once you register on APID, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline.n All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the email address:[email protected] for announcement on this website.n Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a Double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for the submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page.
ijgc maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.
n
n
n
n
n
n
Open Access
n
Special Issue
n
Topic
n
n Green synthesis-related antimicrobial activitiesn
The techniques are easy, environmentally friendly, and biocompatible. The phenolics and polyphenols (flavonoids, quinones, tannins, and coumarins), terpenoids, alkaloids, lectins, and polypeptides are the main families of phytochemicals with antimicrobial activities.Such materials are especially to develop skills, this term is used to describe a type of material with a large quantity of chemical energy stored in it that could be released. Explosives, pyrotechnic compositions, propellants (e.g. smokeless gunpowders and rocket fuels), and fuels are all examples of energetic materials (e.g. diesel fuel and gasoline). This phrase describes the application of physical chemistry specifically to established skills, theory to computer, and information science techniques—so-called silico’s techniques—to a variety of descriptive and prescriptive problems.
n [if 233 not_equal=””]Editor [foreach 234]n
,
n [/foreach][/if 233]n Keywordsn n Manuscript Submission informationn
Manuscripts should be submitted online via the manuscript Engine. Once you register on APID, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline.n All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the email address:[email protected] for announcement on this website.n Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a Double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for the submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page.
ijgc maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.
n
n
n
n
n
n
Open Access
n
Special Issue
n
Topic
n
n Study of earth contamination and recycling processn
Soil properties and its benefit for environmental techniques Green tech varies from accessible devices Research in a variety of scientific disciplines, such as energy, atmospheric science, farming, material science, and hydrological, is included in the field of green technology. Green technology ranges from inexpensive solar panels and programmable thermostats, which are widely available, to more expensive wind turbines and electronic automobiles, which are available but much more expensive. Composting, for example, is a free solution that makes a great foundation. The phrase is also used to refer to renewable energy generation methods like photovoltaics and wind turbines. Environmental technologies & fundamental principle is sustainable development. Environmental technology also refers to a group of technological gadgets that can support sustainability. The hunt for sustainable substitutes for our current fuel use has been prompted by worries about pollution and greenhouse emissions. Energy conservation and sustainable generation must be practiced if greenhouse gases are to be reduced globally.
n [if 233 not_equal=””]Editor [foreach 234]n
,
n [/foreach][/if 233]n Keywordsn
Green technology
Sustainable substitutes
Photovoltaics
Wind turbines
Energy
n Manuscript Submission informationn
Manuscripts should be submitted online via the manuscript Engine. Once you register on APID, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline.n All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the email address:[email protected] for announcement on this website.n Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a Double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for the submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page.
ijgc maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.
n
n
n
n
n
n
Open Access
n
Special Issue
n
Topic
n
n Study of earth contamination and recycling processn
Soil properties and its benefit for environmental techniques Green tech varies from accessible devices Research in a variety of scientific disciplines, such as energy, atmospheric science, farming, material science, and hydrological, is included in the field of green technology. Green technology ranges from inexpensive solar panels and programmable thermostats, which are widely available, to more expensive wind turbines and electronic automobiles, which are available but much more expensive. Composting, for example, is a free solution that makes a great foundation. The phrase is also used to refer to renewable energy generation methods like photovoltaics and wind turbines. Environmental technologies & fundamental principle is sustainable development. Environmental technology also refers to a group of technological gadgets that can support sustainability. The hunt for sustainable substitutes for our current fuel use has been prompted by worries about pollution and greenhouse emissions. Energy conservation and sustainable generation must be practiced if greenhouse gases are to be reduced globally.
n [if 233 not_equal=””]Editor [foreach 234]n
,
n [/foreach][/if 233]n Keywordsn
Green technology
Sustainable substitutes
Photovoltaics
Wind turbines
Energy
n Manuscript Submission informationn
Manuscripts should be submitted online via the manuscript Engine. Once you register on APID, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline.n All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the email address:[email protected] for announcement on this website.n Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a Double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for the submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page.
The present study carried out was on the production of the lactic acid by the lactic acid bacteria under the submerged fermentation conditions using three different supplements of fermentation media including sugarcane juice, sugar beet juice and sugarcane molasses. The study also aimed on the comparative study in lactic acid production under different substrates. For this, the lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the curd sample by the spread plate technique of isolation and the pure culture of the bacteria was obtained by the streak plate technique. The bacteria were then characterized by gram’s staining and biochemical test. The bacterial culture was then formed in a liquid media. The fermentation media with different substrate supplements was prepared and was inoculated with the bacteria for the lactic acid production. The lactic acid produced in the fermentation media was detected and quantified by the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography. The conclusion driven form the study after the detection and quantification of lactic acid was that the substrates used are a good source for lactic acid production and comparatively the sugarcane juice acts as the best substrate for the production of lactic acid under optimum conditions of growth and fermentation.
1. Arias CR, Burns JK. A pectin methylesterase gene associated with a heat-stable extract from citrus. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50(12): 3465–3472.
2. Braddock RJ. Handbook of citrus by-products and processing technology. Wiley; 2013.
3. Carbohydrates in Food. London, UK: Academic Press; 1990; 415–44 (I).
4. Palin R, Geitmann A. The role of pectin in plant morphogenesis. BioSystems. 2012; 109(3): 397–402.
5. Aina VO, Barau MM, Mamman OA, Zakari A, Haruna H, Umar MH, Abba YB. Extraction and characterization of pectin from peels of lemon (Citrus limon), grape fruit (Citrus paradisi) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2012 Dec 25;3(6):259-62.
6. Methodology. J Food Eng. 2012; 78: 693–700.
7. Aspinall GO, Craig WT, Whyte JL. Lemon-peel pectin. Part I: Fractionation and partial hydrolysis of water-soluble pectin. Carbohydr Res. 1968; 7(4): 442–452.
8. Quebedeaux B, Bliss F. Horticulture and human health: contributions of oranges and vegetables. Proc Symp Hort and Human Liew SQ, Chin NL, Yusof YA. Extraction and characterization of pectin from passion fruit peels. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 2014 Jan 1;2:231-6.
9. Ndubuisi Ezejiofor Tobias L, Eke NV, Okechukwu RI, Nwoguikpe RN, Duru CM. Waste to wealth: Industrial raw materials potential of peels of Nigerian sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Afr J Biotechnol. 2017; 10(33): 6257–6264.
10. Wang S, Chen F, Wu J, Wang Z, Liao X, Hu X. Optimization of Pectin Extraction Assisted by Microwave from Apple Pomace Using Response Surface Health. USA: Prentice Hall; 1988.
11. Martín MA, Siles JA, El Bari H, Chica AF. Université Ibn Tofail. Faculté dos Sciences. Kenitra (Maroc). Orange peel: organic waste or energetic resource? 2008.
12. Maheshwari R, Bhardwaj G, Bhat MK. Thermophilic fungi: Their physiology and enzymes. Microbiol Mol Bio Rev. 2000; 64(3): 461–488.
13. Ndubuisi Ezejiofor Tobias L, Eke NV, Okechukwu RI, Nwoguikpe RN, Duru CM. Waste to wealth: Industrial raw materials potential of peels of Nigerian sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Afr J Biotechnol. 2017; 10(33): 6257–6264.
14. Wang S, Chen F, Wu J, Wang Z, Liao X, Hu X. Optimization of Pectin Extraction Assisted by Microwave from Apple Pomace Using Response Surface Methodology. J Food Eng. 2007; 78: 693–700.
15. Kim H, Fassihi R. Application of a binary polymer system in drug release rate modulation. J Pharm Sci. 1951; 86(3): 316–322.
16. Grassino AN, Brnčić M, Vikić-Topić D, Roca S, Dent M, Brnčić SR. Ultrasound assisted extraction and characterization of pectin from tomato waste. Food chemistry. 2016 May 1;198:93-100.
17. Mollea C, Chiampo F, Conti R. Extraction and characterization of pectins from cocoa husks: A preliminary study. Food Chemistry. 2008 Apr 1;107(3):1353-6.
18. Aspinall GO, Craig JWT, Whyte JL. Lemon-peel pectin. Part I: Fractionation and partial hydrolysis of water-soluble pectin. Carbohydr Res. 1968; 7(4): 442–452.
19. Yapo BM, Robert C, Etienne I, Wathelet B, Paquot M. Effect of extraction conditions on the yield, purity and surface properties of sugar beet pulp pectin extracts. Food Chem. 2007; 100(4): 1356–1364.
20. Paquot M. Use of a Plackett-Burman experimental design to examine the impact of extraction parameters on yields and compositions of pectins extracted from chicory roots (Chicorium intybus L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2006; 54(19): 7167–7174.
21. Adetunji LR, Adekunle A, Orsat V, Raghavan V. Advances in the pectin production process using novel extraction techniques: A review. Food Hydrocolloids. 2017 Jan 1;62:239-50.
22. Wang X, Chen Q, Lu X. Pectin extracted from apple pomace and citrus peel by subcritical water. Food Hydrocoll. 2014; 38: 129–137.
23. Kalapathy U, Proctor A. Effect of acid extraction and alcohol precipitation conditions on the yield and purity of soy hull pectin. Food Chem. 2001; 73(4): 393–396.
24. Quebedeaux B, Bliss F. Horticulture and human health: contributions of oranges and vegetables. Proc Symp Hort and Human Health. USA: Prentice Hall; 1988.
25. Wargovich M. Anticancer properties of oranges. Hort Science. 2009; 35: 573–575.
26. Kim H, Fassihi R. Application of a binary polymer system in drug release rate modulation. J Pharm Sci. 1951; 86(3): 316–322.
27. Zheng Jie, Yang Ting, Wu Qiang, Li Jing, Wang Ya Na. Microwave-assisted Extraction of Pectin from Orange Peel. 2009; 30(20): 134–137.
28. Deul H, Stutz E. Pectic substances and pectic enzymes. Adv Enzymol Relat Subj Biochem. 1958; 20: 341–382.
29. Singh SA, Plattner H, Diekmann H. Exopolygalacturonate lyase from a Thermophilic Bacillus sp. Enzyme Microb Technol. 1999; 25(3–5): 420–425.
30. Kapoor M, Beg QK, Bhushan B, Dadhich KS, Hoondal GS. Production and partial purification and characterization of a thermoalkali stable polygalacturonase from Bacillus sp. MG-cp-2. Process Biochem. 2000; 36(5): 467–473.
31. Lang H, Do-Renberg H. Perspectives in the biological function and the technological application of polygalacturonases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000; 53(4): 366–375.
32. Reid I, Ricard M. Pectinase in paper making solving retention problems in mechanical pulps bleached with hydrogen peroxide. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2000; 26(2–4): 115–123.
33. Alkorta I, Garbisu C, Llama MJ, Serra JL. Industrial applications of pectic enzymes: a review. Process Biochem. 1998; 33(1): 21–28.
34. Hoondal GS, Tiwari RP, Tewari R, Dahiya N, Beg QK. Microbial alkaline pectinases and their industrial applications: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002; 59(4–5): 409–418.
35. Kapoor M, Kuhad RC. Improved polygalacturonase production from Bacillus sp. MG-cp-2 under submerged (SmF) and solid state (SSF) fermentation. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2002; 34(5): 317–322.
36. Jayani RS, Saxena S, Gupta R. Microbial pectinolytic enzymes: a review. Process Biochem. 2005; 40(9): 2931–2944.
37. Cao J, Zheng L, Chen S. Screening of pectinase producer from alkalophilic bacteria and study on its potential application in degumming of ramie. Enzyme Microb Technol. 1992; 14(12): 1013–1016. 38. Bruhlmann F, Kim KS, Zimmerman W, Fiechter A. Pectinolytic enzymes from actinomycetes for the degumming of ramie bast fibers. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994; 60(6): 2107–2112.
39. Beg QK, Bhushan B, Kapoor M, Hoondal GS. Effect of amino acids on production of xylanase and pectinase from Streptomyces sp. QG-11- 3. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000; 16(2): 211–213.
40. Blanco P, Sieiro C, Villa TG. Production of pectic enzymes in yeast. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999; 175(1): 1–9.
41. Elegado FB, Fujio Y. Purification and some properties of polygalacturonase from Rhizopus sp. LKN. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1994; 10(3): 256–259.
42. Huang LK, Mahoney RR. Purification and characterization of an endo-polygalacturonase from Verticillum albo-atrum. J Appl Microbiol. 1999; 86(1): 145–146.
43. Gummadi SN, Panda T. Purification and biochemical properties of microbial pectinases: a review. Process Biochem. 2003; 38(7): 987–996.
44. Patil, Agasar Dayanand. Exploration of Regional Agrowastes for the Production of Pectinase by Aspergillus niger. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2006; 44(2): 289–292.
45. Yeoh S, Shi J, Langrish TAG. Comparisons between different techniques for water-based extraction of pectin from orange peels. Desalination. 2008; 218(1–3): 229–237.
46. Miller GL. Use of Dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Anal Chem. 1959; 31(3): 426–428.
47. Fellows PJ, Worgan JT. An investigation into the pectolytic activity of the yeast Saccharomycopsis buliger. Enzyme Microb Technol. 1984; 6(9): 405–410.
48. Pandey A, Soccol CR, Mitchell D. New development in solid state fermentation: I – bioprocesses and products. Process Biochem. 2000; 35(10): 1153–1169.
49. Aguilar G, Huitron C. Constitutive exo-pectinase produced by Aspergillus sp CH-Y-1043 on different carbon sources. Biotechnol Lett. 1990; 12(9): 655–660.
50. Aguilar G, Trejo B, Garcia J, Huitron C. Influence of pH on endo and exo-pectinase production by Aspergillus sp CH-Y-1043. Can J Microbiol. 1991; 37(12): 912–917.
ijgc maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.
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By [foreach 286]n
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Shahbaz Sarfraz, Alishah Fatima
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n[/if 1175][/foreach]
n
n
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n
n
Abstract
nThe present study carried out was on the production of the lactic acid by the lactic acid bacteria under the submerged fermentation conditions using three different supplements of fermentation media including sugarcane juice, sugar beet juice and sugarcane molasses. The study also aimed on the comparative study in lactic acid production under different substrates. For this, the lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the curd sample by the spread plate technique of isolation and the pure culture of the bacteria was obtained by the streak plate technique. The bacteria were then characterized by gram’s staining and biochemical test. The bacterial culture was then formed in a liquid media. The fermentation media with different substrate supplements was prepared and was inoculated with the bacteria for the lactic acid production. The lactic acid produced in the fermentation media was detected and quantified by the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography. The conclusion driven form the study after the detection and quantification of lactic acid was that the substrates used are a good source for lactic acid production and comparatively the sugarcane juice acts as the best substrate for the production of lactic acid under optimum conditions of growth and fermentation.n
1. Arias CR, Burns JK. A pectin methylesterase gene associated with a heat-stable extract from citrus. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50(12): 3465–3472.
2. Braddock RJ. Handbook of citrus by-products and processing technology. Wiley; 2013.
3. Carbohydrates in Food. London, UK: Academic Press; 1990; 415–44 (I).
4. Palin R, Geitmann A. The role of pectin in plant morphogenesis. BioSystems. 2012; 109(3): 397–402.
5. Aina VO, Barau MM, Mamman OA, Zakari A, Haruna H, Umar MH, Abba YB. Extraction and characterization of pectin from peels of lemon (Citrus limon), grape fruit (Citrus paradisi) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2012 Dec 25;3(6):259-62.
6. Methodology. J Food Eng. 2012; 78: 693–700.
7. Aspinall GO, Craig WT, Whyte JL. Lemon-peel pectin. Part I: Fractionation and partial hydrolysis of water-soluble pectin. Carbohydr Res. 1968; 7(4): 442–452.
8. Quebedeaux B, Bliss F. Horticulture and human health: contributions of oranges and vegetables. Proc Symp Hort and Human Liew SQ, Chin NL, Yusof YA. Extraction and characterization of pectin from passion fruit peels. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 2014 Jan 1;2:231-6.
9. Ndubuisi Ezejiofor Tobias L, Eke NV, Okechukwu RI, Nwoguikpe RN, Duru CM. Waste to wealth: Industrial raw materials potential of peels of Nigerian sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Afr J Biotechnol. 2017; 10(33): 6257–6264.
10. Wang S, Chen F, Wu J, Wang Z, Liao X, Hu X. Optimization of Pectin Extraction Assisted by Microwave from Apple Pomace Using Response Surface Health. USA: Prentice Hall; 1988.
11. Martín MA, Siles JA, El Bari H, Chica AF. Université Ibn Tofail. Faculté dos Sciences. Kenitra (Maroc). Orange peel: organic waste or energetic resource? 2008.
12. Maheshwari R, Bhardwaj G, Bhat MK. Thermophilic fungi: Their physiology and enzymes. Microbiol Mol Bio Rev. 2000; 64(3): 461–488.
13. Ndubuisi Ezejiofor Tobias L, Eke NV, Okechukwu RI, Nwoguikpe RN, Duru CM. Waste to wealth: Industrial raw materials potential of peels of Nigerian sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Afr J Biotechnol. 2017; 10(33): 6257–6264.
14. Wang S, Chen F, Wu J, Wang Z, Liao X, Hu X. Optimization of Pectin Extraction Assisted by Microwave from Apple Pomace Using Response Surface Methodology. J Food Eng. 2007; 78: 693–700.
15. Kim H, Fassihi R. Application of a binary polymer system in drug release rate modulation. J Pharm Sci. 1951; 86(3): 316–322.
16. Grassino AN, Brnčić M, Vikić-Topić D, Roca S, Dent M, Brnčić SR. Ultrasound assisted extraction and characterization of pectin from tomato waste. Food chemistry. 2016 May 1;198:93-100.
17. Mollea C, Chiampo F, Conti R. Extraction and characterization of pectins from cocoa husks: A preliminary study. Food Chemistry. 2008 Apr 1;107(3):1353-6.
18. Aspinall GO, Craig JWT, Whyte JL. Lemon-peel pectin. Part I: Fractionation and partial hydrolysis of water-soluble pectin. Carbohydr Res. 1968; 7(4): 442–452.
19. Yapo BM, Robert C, Etienne I, Wathelet B, Paquot M. Effect of extraction conditions on the yield, purity and surface properties of sugar beet pulp pectin extracts. Food Chem. 2007; 100(4): 1356–1364.
20. Paquot M. Use of a Plackett-Burman experimental design to examine the impact of extraction parameters on yields and compositions of pectins extracted from chicory roots (Chicorium intybus L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2006; 54(19): 7167–7174.
21. Adetunji LR, Adekunle A, Orsat V, Raghavan V. Advances in the pectin production process using novel extraction techniques: A review. Food Hydrocolloids. 2017 Jan 1;62:239-50.
22. Wang X, Chen Q, Lu X. Pectin extracted from apple pomace and citrus peel by subcritical water. Food Hydrocoll. 2014; 38: 129–137.
23. Kalapathy U, Proctor A. Effect of acid extraction and alcohol precipitation conditions on the yield and purity of soy hull pectin. Food Chem. 2001; 73(4): 393–396.
24. Quebedeaux B, Bliss F. Horticulture and human health: contributions of oranges and vegetables. Proc Symp Hort and Human Health. USA: Prentice Hall; 1988.
25. Wargovich M. Anticancer properties of oranges. Hort Science. 2009; 35: 573–575.
26. Kim H, Fassihi R. Application of a binary polymer system in drug release rate modulation. J Pharm Sci. 1951; 86(3): 316–322.
27. Zheng Jie, Yang Ting, Wu Qiang, Li Jing, Wang Ya Na. Microwave-assisted Extraction of Pectin from Orange Peel. 2009; 30(20): 134–137.
28. Deul H, Stutz E. Pectic substances and pectic enzymes. Adv Enzymol Relat Subj Biochem. 1958; 20: 341–382.
29. Singh SA, Plattner H, Diekmann H. Exopolygalacturonate lyase from a Thermophilic Bacillus sp. Enzyme Microb Technol. 1999; 25(3–5): 420–425.
30. Kapoor M, Beg QK, Bhushan B, Dadhich KS, Hoondal GS. Production and partial purification and characterization of a thermoalkali stable polygalacturonase from Bacillus sp. MG-cp-2. Process Biochem. 2000; 36(5): 467–473.
31. Lang H, Do-Renberg H. Perspectives in the biological function and the technological application of polygalacturonases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000; 53(4): 366–375.
32. Reid I, Ricard M. Pectinase in paper making solving retention problems in mechanical pulps bleached with hydrogen peroxide. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2000; 26(2–4): 115–123.
33. Alkorta I, Garbisu C, Llama MJ, Serra JL. Industrial applications of pectic enzymes: a review. Process Biochem. 1998; 33(1): 21–28.
34. Hoondal GS, Tiwari RP, Tewari R, Dahiya N, Beg QK. Microbial alkaline pectinases and their industrial applications: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002; 59(4–5): 409–418.
35. Kapoor M, Kuhad RC. Improved polygalacturonase production from Bacillus sp. MG-cp-2 under submerged (SmF) and solid state (SSF) fermentation. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2002; 34(5): 317–322.
36. Jayani RS, Saxena S, Gupta R. Microbial pectinolytic enzymes: a review. Process Biochem. 2005; 40(9): 2931–2944.
37. Cao J, Zheng L, Chen S. Screening of pectinase producer from alkalophilic bacteria and study on its potential application in degumming of ramie. Enzyme Microb Technol. 1992; 14(12): 1013–1016. 38. Bruhlmann F, Kim KS, Zimmerman W, Fiechter A. Pectinolytic enzymes from actinomycetes for the degumming of ramie bast fibers. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994; 60(6): 2107–2112.
39. Beg QK, Bhushan B, Kapoor M, Hoondal GS. Effect of amino acids on production of xylanase and pectinase from Streptomyces sp. QG-11- 3. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000; 16(2): 211–213.
40. Blanco P, Sieiro C, Villa TG. Production of pectic enzymes in yeast. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999; 175(1): 1–9.
41. Elegado FB, Fujio Y. Purification and some properties of polygalacturonase from Rhizopus sp. LKN. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1994; 10(3): 256–259.
42. Huang LK, Mahoney RR. Purification and characterization of an endo-polygalacturonase from Verticillum albo-atrum. J Appl Microbiol. 1999; 86(1): 145–146.
43. Gummadi SN, Panda T. Purification and biochemical properties of microbial pectinases: a review. Process Biochem. 2003; 38(7): 987–996.
44. Patil, Agasar Dayanand. Exploration of Regional Agrowastes for the Production of Pectinase by Aspergillus niger. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2006; 44(2): 289–292.
45. Yeoh S, Shi J, Langrish TAG. Comparisons between different techniques for water-based extraction of pectin from orange peels. Desalination. 2008; 218(1–3): 229–237.
46. Miller GL. Use of Dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Anal Chem. 1959; 31(3): 426–428.
47. Fellows PJ, Worgan JT. An investigation into the pectolytic activity of the yeast Saccharomycopsis buliger. Enzyme Microb Technol. 1984; 6(9): 405–410.
48. Pandey A, Soccol CR, Mitchell D. New development in solid state fermentation: I – bioprocesses and products. Process Biochem. 2000; 35(10): 1153–1169.
49. Aguilar G, Huitron C. Constitutive exo-pectinase produced by Aspergillus sp CH-Y-1043 on different carbon sources. Biotechnol Lett. 1990; 12(9): 655–660.
50. Aguilar G, Trejo B, Garcia J, Huitron C. Influence of pH on endo and exo-pectinase production by Aspergillus sp CH-Y-1043. Can J Microbiol. 1991; 37(12): 912–917.
Pectin is a valuable product recovered primarily from citrus and apple waste. The average cost of high and low methoxyl pectin is around $10 and $12 kg1, respectively. Pectin is used in a variety of foods, including jams, jellies, marmalades, ketchups, sauces, juices, concentrates, syrups, and yoghurt. However, it is also used in pharmaceutical preparation, such as medical formulations, to stabilise suspensions. Aside from fresh consumption, the majority of the produce is used in the production of apple juice concentrate, with apple preserves being the next most important product. Preserve processing units use the Amri variety, which is medium in size, compact, green in colour, and resistant to processing conditions. The peel is the greatest waste because the entire fruit is used for preserving manufacturing after peeling. Peel is currently either given to animals or discarded. Sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.)) are a widely grown tree fruit throughout the world. This research aims to investigate the extraction of essential oils and pectin from orange peels. Experiment results show that the peel source for pectin extraction, when taken after extracting orange oil via simple distillation, yields a higher yield than the leaching residue.
1. A.K.M. Azad, M.A. Ali, Mst Sorifa Akter, Md. Jiavr Rahman, Maruf Ahmed. (2014). “Isolation and Characterization of Pectin Extracted from Lemon Pomance during Ripening”. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol 2, ISSUE 2, PP:30-35.
2. Alok Kumar Tiwari, Samarandra Nath Saha, Vishu Prasad Yadav, Uttam Kumar Upadhayay, Deepshikha Katiyar, Tanya Mishra. (2017). “Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Orange peels”. International Journal of Biotechnology & Biochemistry, Vol 13, no-1, pp: 39-47.
3. Dasari Beulah, E. M. Sunitha, T.Srilakshmi. (2015). “Production, Purification and Assay of Pectinase Enzyme from Aspergillus Niger”, Helix Vol. 2: 673-677.
4. Enkuahone Abebe Alaminenh. (2018). “Extraction of Pectin from Orange peels and Characterizating Its Physical & Chemical Properties”. American Journal of Applied Chemistry. Vol 6, no-2, pp:51-56.
5. Ivana Greice Sandri and Mauricio Moura da Silveira (2018) “Production and Application of Pectinases from Aspergillus niger Obtained in Solid State Cultivation” Beverages, Vol-4, ISSUE-48.
6. Javed R, Nawaz A, Munir M, Hanif MU, Mukhtar H, U Haq and Abdullah. (2018). “Extraction, Purification and Industrial Applications of Pectinase”. Journal of Biotechnology & Bioresearch, Vol 1, ISSUE 1.
7. Maria Helene Canteri-Schemin, Heloisa Critina Ramos Fertonani, Mina Waszcynskyj, Gilvan Wosiacki. (2005). “Extraction of pectin from apple pomance”. Barazillan Archives of Biology and Technology, Vol. 48, no.2, pp:1678-4324.
8. Niharika Sood, Abhishek Mathur. (2014) “Purification and Characterization of Pectinase (Pectin Methyl Esterase) from Apple Pomace” World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp-749-764.
9. Nitin G. Kanse, Shah Chirag, Salunkhe Swapnil, Suryawanshi Vishal. (2017). “Extraction of Pectin from Orange Peels and its Application”. International Journal of Innovaggive Research in Science, Vol 6, ISSUE 9.
10. P. Alfa Ezhil Rose, D. Abilasha (2016) “Extraction and characterization of pectin from lemon peel”, International Journal of Advanced Science and Research, Vol-1, Issue -12.”
ijgc maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.
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By [foreach 286]n
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Nisha Kumari Pandey
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[foreach 286] [if 1175 not_equal=””]n t
Student,Department of Biotechnology, Ashoka Institute of Technology and Management, Cytogene Research & Development Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh,India
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Abstract
nPectin is a valuable product recovered primarily from citrus and apple waste. The average cost of high and low methoxyl pectin is around $10 and $12 kg1, respectively. Pectin is used in a variety of foods, including jams, jellies, marmalades, ketchups, sauces, juices, concentrates, syrups, and yoghurt. However, it is also used in pharmaceutical preparation, such as medical formulations, to stabilise suspensions. Aside from fresh consumption, the majority of the produce is used in the production of apple juice concentrate, with apple preserves being the next most important product. Preserve processing units use the Amri variety, which is medium in size, compact, green in colour, and resistant to processing conditions. The peel is the greatest waste because the entire fruit is used for preserving manufacturing after peeling. Peel is currently either given to animals or discarded. Sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.)) are a widely grown tree fruit throughout the world. This research aims to investigate the extraction of essential oils and pectin from orange peels. Experiment results show that the peel source for pectin extraction, when taken after extracting orange oil via simple distillation, yields a higher yield than the leaching residue.n
1. A.K.M. Azad, M.A. Ali, Mst Sorifa Akter, Md. Jiavr Rahman, Maruf Ahmed. (2014). “Isolation and Characterization of Pectin Extracted from Lemon Pomance during Ripening”. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol 2, ISSUE 2, PP:30-35.
2. Alok Kumar Tiwari, Samarandra Nath Saha, Vishu Prasad Yadav, Uttam Kumar Upadhayay, Deepshikha Katiyar, Tanya Mishra. (2017). “Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Orange peels”. International Journal of Biotechnology & Biochemistry, Vol 13, no-1, pp: 39-47.
3. Dasari Beulah, E. M. Sunitha, T.Srilakshmi. (2015). “Production, Purification and Assay of Pectinase Enzyme from Aspergillus Niger”, Helix Vol. 2: 673-677.
4. Enkuahone Abebe Alaminenh. (2018). “Extraction of Pectin from Orange peels and Characterizating Its Physical & Chemical Properties”. American Journal of Applied Chemistry. Vol 6, no-2, pp:51-56.
5. Ivana Greice Sandri and Mauricio Moura da Silveira (2018) “Production and Application of Pectinases from Aspergillus niger Obtained in Solid State Cultivation” Beverages, Vol-4, ISSUE-48.
6. Javed R, Nawaz A, Munir M, Hanif MU, Mukhtar H, U Haq and Abdullah. (2018). “Extraction, Purification and Industrial Applications of Pectinase”. Journal of Biotechnology & Bioresearch, Vol 1, ISSUE 1.
7. Maria Helene Canteri-Schemin, Heloisa Critina Ramos Fertonani, Mina Waszcynskyj, Gilvan Wosiacki. (2005). “Extraction of pectin from apple pomance”. Barazillan Archives of Biology and Technology, Vol. 48, no.2, pp:1678-4324.
8. Niharika Sood, Abhishek Mathur. (2014) “Purification and Characterization of Pectinase (Pectin Methyl Esterase) from Apple Pomace” World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp-749-764.
9. Nitin G. Kanse, Shah Chirag, Salunkhe Swapnil, Suryawanshi Vishal. (2017). “Extraction of Pectin from Orange Peels and its Application”. International Journal of Innovaggive Research in Science, Vol 6, ISSUE 9.
10. P. Alfa Ezhil Rose, D. Abilasha (2016) “Extraction and characterization of pectin from lemon peel”, International Journal of Advanced Science and Research, Vol-1, Issue -12.”
Groundwater remediation is the process of treating contaminated groundwater by removing contaminants or converting them to harmless chemicals. Water that saturates the pore space in the subsurface and is located beneath the ground surface is known as groundwater. Between 25% and 40% of the world’s drinking water comes from boreholes and dug wells. Farmers need groundwater to irrigate crops, while industry use it to make everyday items. Even though most groundwater seems pure, it can be contaminated as a result of natural forces. People produce several waste materials and byproducts as a result of their numerous and various actions. Traditionally, there haven’t been many regulations governing the disposal of such trash. consequence, garbage is routinely deposited or kept on land surfaces, where it seeps into the groundwater under. Like a consequence, contaminated groundwater is unfitted for human consumption. Overuse of fertiliser or pesticides, spills from industrial activities, infiltration from urban runoff, and landfill leakage are all examples of current practises that can have an influence on groundwater. The usage of contaminated groundwater poses a threat to public health by causing poisoning or the spread of disease, and aquifer restoration was already created to tackle these issues. Physically, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive characteristics are all found in groundwater contaminants. Pollutants and pollutants can be removed from groundwater using a variety of processes, bringing the water up to a quality suitable for a variety of purposes.
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Volume :u00a0u00a07 | Issue :u00a0u00a02 | Received :u00a0u00a0January 12, 2022 | Accepted :u00a0u00a0January 27, 2022 | Published :u00a0u00a0February 21, 2022n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to International Journal of Green Chemistry(ijgc)] [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue Study of Groundwater and Surface Water Remediation under section in International Journal of Green Chemistry(ijgc)] [/if 424] Keywords Treating, waste materials, situ chemical oxidation, Chemical cleanup, groundwater
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1. Lipczynska-Kochany E. Effect of climate change on humic substances and associated impacts on the quality of surface water and groundwater: A review. Science of the total environment. 2018 Nov 1; 640:1548-65.
2. Luo J, Lu W. Comparison of surrogate models with different methods in groundwater remediation process. Journal of Earth System Science. 2014 Oct;123(7):1579-89.
3. Thiruvenkatachari R, Vigneswaran S, Naidu R. Permeable reactive barrier for groundwater remediation. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2008 Mar 1;14(2):145-56.
4. Shi Z, Fan D, Johnson RL, Tratnyek PG, Nurmi JT, Wu Y, Williams KH. Methods for characterizing the fate and effects of nano zerovalent iron during groundwater remediation. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 2015 Oct 1; 181:17-35.
5. Bhattacharya S, Gupta AB, Gupta A, Pandey A. Introduction to water remediation: importance and methods. InWater remediation 2018 (pp. 3-8). Springer, Singapore.
6. Mura S, Malfatti L, Greppi G, Innocenzi P. Ferrates for water remediation. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. 2017 Mar;16(1):15-35.
7. Dewis J, Freitas F. Physical and chemical methods of soil and water analysis. FAO soils Bulletin. 1970(10).
8. Mittal A. Biological wastewater treatment. Water Today. 2011 Aug; 1:32-44.
9. Gupta VK, Ali I, Saleh TA, Nayak A, Agarwal S. Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water recycling—an overview. Rsc Advances. 2012;2(16):6380-8.
10. Hendricks DW. Water treatment unit processes: physical and chemical. CRC press; 2018 Oct 3.
11. Glaze WH, Kang JW, Chapin DH. The chemistry of water treatment processes involving ozone, hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation.
ijgc maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.
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Arun Kumar Singh
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Student,School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University,Uttar Pradesh,India
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Abstract
nGroundwater remediation is the process of treating contaminated groundwater by removing contaminants or converting them to harmless chemicals. Water that saturates the pore space in the subsurface and is located beneath the ground surface is known as groundwater. Between 25% and 40% of the world’s drinking water comes from boreholes and dug wells. Farmers need groundwater to irrigate crops, while industry use it to make everyday items. Even though most groundwater seems pure, it can be contaminated as a result of natural forces. People produce several waste materials and byproducts as a result of their numerous and various actions. Traditionally, there haven’t been many regulations governing the disposal of such trash. consequence, garbage is routinely deposited or kept on land surfaces, where it seeps into the groundwater under. Like a consequence, contaminated groundwater is unfitted for human consumption. Overuse of fertiliser or pesticides, spills from industrial activities, infiltration from urban runoff, and landfill leakage are all examples of current practises that can have an influence on groundwater. The usage of contaminated groundwater poses a threat to public health by causing poisoning or the spread of disease, and aquifer restoration was already created to tackle these issues. Physically, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive characteristics are all found in groundwater contaminants. Pollutants and pollutants can be removed from groundwater using a variety of processes, bringing the water up to a quality suitable for a variety of purposes.n
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Keywords: Treating, waste materials, situ chemical oxidation, Chemical cleanup, groundwater
1. Lipczynska-Kochany E. Effect of climate change on humic substances and associated impacts on the quality of surface water and groundwater: A review. Science of the total environment. 2018 Nov 1; 640:1548-65.
2. Luo J, Lu W. Comparison of surrogate models with different methods in groundwater remediation process. Journal of Earth System Science. 2014 Oct;123(7):1579-89.
3. Thiruvenkatachari R, Vigneswaran S, Naidu R. Permeable reactive barrier for groundwater remediation. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2008 Mar 1;14(2):145-56.
4. Shi Z, Fan D, Johnson RL, Tratnyek PG, Nurmi JT, Wu Y, Williams KH. Methods for characterizing the fate and effects of nano zerovalent iron during groundwater remediation. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 2015 Oct 1; 181:17-35.
5. Bhattacharya S, Gupta AB, Gupta A, Pandey A. Introduction to water remediation: importance and methods. InWater remediation 2018 (pp. 3-8). Springer, Singapore.
6. Mura S, Malfatti L, Greppi G, Innocenzi P. Ferrates for water remediation. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. 2017 Mar;16(1):15-35.
7. Dewis J, Freitas F. Physical and chemical methods of soil and water analysis. FAO soils Bulletin. 1970(10).
8. Mittal A. Biological wastewater treatment. Water Today. 2011 Aug; 1:32-44.
9. Gupta VK, Ali I, Saleh TA, Nayak A, Agarwal S. Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water recycling—an overview. Rsc Advances. 2012;2(16):6380-8.
10. Hendricks DW. Water treatment unit processes: physical and chemical. CRC press; 2018 Oct 3.
11. Glaze WH, Kang JW, Chapin DH. The chemistry of water treatment processes involving ozone, hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation.
For proper farming, soil testing has become a need. There are numerous soil testing procedures available. Soil quality used to be performed in companies and research institutions, and it required a years and a lot of work to get findings. Soil testing using numerous moveable sensors is now possible in today’s environment, thanks to technological improvements and digitization. The internet of things has made it easy to link devices to the network. Soil health testing is one of the most contributing factors in farming. In this paper, we are talking about detecting soil health using some of the IoT devices. This technique is one of the prominent reasons why precision agriculture is being enthusiastically adapted by a huge number of farmers these days. Here we will discuss the existing methods used for testing of soil health and the proposed system with some of the IOT devices which might help enhance the process of soil testing.
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Volume :u00a0u00a08 | Issue :u00a0u00a01 | Received :u00a0u00a0April 1, 2022 | Accepted :u00a0u00a0April 19, 2022 | Published :u00a0u00a0May 15, 2022n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to International Journal of Green Chemistry(ijgc)] [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue Soil Health Testing using IOT Devices under section in International Journal of Green Chemistry(ijgc)] [/if 424] Keywords Internet of Things, Soil Testing, Soil Moisture, agricultural area, crop production, DHT11
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1. “Application of Soil Moisture Sensors in Agriculture: A Review”, Proc. Hydraulics, Vol. 21, pp.1662-1672, 2016.
2. http://soil quality.org.
3. “Real Time Soil Fertility Using IOT”. Proc.NC’s e-TIMES, 2018.
4. “Real Time Embedded based Soil Analyzer”, Vol. 3, pp 5700-5703, 2014.
5. “An Iot Based System For Remote Monitoring Of Soil Characteristics”, Proc. InCITe, 2016.
6. “A Survey on Soil Monitoring and Testing In Smart Farming Using IoT And Cloud Platform”, Vol. 7, No.pp.55- 59, Nov. 2017.
7. “Soil based Fertilizer Recommendation System using Internet of Things”, Vol. 1, No.1, pp.13-19, June 2018.
8. C. Kishore Kumar, and Veeramuth Venkatesh, “Cloud Based Soil Monitoring and Smart Irrigation System Using IoT and Precision Farming”, Vol. 119, pp. 2011-2020, 2018.
9. M. Joshi, P.PS.S. Kanade, “Wireless Sensors and Agriculture Parameter Monitoring: Experimental Investigation”, Vol. 3, pp 06-13, May 2017.
10. Dr. N. Suma, Sandra Rhea Samson, S. Saranya, G. Shanmugapriya, and R. Subhashri, “IoT Based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System”, Vol. 5, pp177-181, Feb. 2017.
ijgc maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.
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Tanvi Chavan
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Research Scholar,MCA, Thakur Institute of Management Studies, Career Development & Research (TIMSCDR),Mumbai,India
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Abstract
nFor proper farming, soil testing has become a need. There are numerous soil testing procedures available. Soil quality used to be performed in companies and research institutions, and it required a years and a lot of work to get findings. Soil testing using numerous moveable sensors is now possible in today’s environment, thanks to technological improvements and digitization. The internet of things has made it easy to link devices to the network. Soil health testing is one of the most contributing factors in farming. In this paper, we are talking about detecting soil health using some of the IoT devices. This technique is one of the prominent reasons why precision agriculture is being enthusiastically adapted by a huge number of farmers these days. Here we will discuss the existing methods used for testing of soil health and the proposed system with some of the IOT devices which might help enhance the process of soil testing.n
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Keywords: Internet of Things, Soil Testing, Soil Moisture, agricultural area, crop production, DHT11
1. “Application of Soil Moisture Sensors in Agriculture: A Review”, Proc. Hydraulics, Vol. 21, pp.1662-1672, 2016.
2. http://soil quality.org.
3. “Real Time Soil Fertility Using IOT”. Proc.NC’s e-TIMES, 2018.
4. “Real Time Embedded based Soil Analyzer”, Vol. 3, pp 5700-5703, 2014.
5. “An Iot Based System For Remote Monitoring Of Soil Characteristics”, Proc. InCITe, 2016.
6. “A Survey on Soil Monitoring and Testing In Smart Farming Using IoT And Cloud Platform”, Vol. 7, No.pp.55- 59, Nov. 2017.
7. “Soil based Fertilizer Recommendation System using Internet of Things”, Vol. 1, No.1, pp.13-19, June 2018.
8. C. Kishore Kumar, and Veeramuth Venkatesh, “Cloud Based Soil Monitoring and Smart Irrigation System Using IoT and Precision Farming”, Vol. 119, pp. 2011-2020, 2018.
9. M. Joshi, P.PS.S. Kanade, “Wireless Sensors and Agriculture Parameter Monitoring: Experimental Investigation”, Vol. 3, pp 06-13, May 2017.
10. Dr. N. Suma, Sandra Rhea Samson, S. Saranya, G. Shanmugapriya, and R. Subhashri, “IoT Based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System”, Vol. 5, pp177-181, Feb. 2017.
