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Payal Dhumal,
Harshda Raghuawanshi,
- U.G Student, Department of Computer Engineering, Trinity College of Engineering and Research, Maharashtra, India
- Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Engineering, Trinity College of Engineering and Research, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
This review presents an accessible architecture for an IoT-based smart agriculture system that combines field sensors, low-power embedded electronics, wireless communication, cloud or edge data processing, farmer dashboards, and guarded actuation. The sensing layer focuses on soil moisture and temperature, ambient temperature and relative humidity (RH), light, rainfall, leaf wetness, water flow, and optional soil chemistry measurements. The communication layer examines Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, and cellular Internet of Things options, emphasizing coverage, power consumption, and rural connectivity. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are discussed as decision-support tools for irrigation recommendations, anomaly detection, disease-risk indication, and sensor-fault identification, rather than replacements for agronomic judgement. The paper also highlights electrical and electronics engineering aspects, including sensor interfacing, analog-to-digital conversion, solar and battery power, voltage regulation, wireless modules, relay or transistor drivers, and safe control of pumps and valves. A phased implementation roadmap is proposed for student projects and small-farm prototypes, considering affordability, maintainability, and practical deployment requirements. The review further emphasizes sensor calibration, reliable data transmission, timely alerts, and human supervision to reduce operational risks. It also identifies connectivity limitations, power management, and maintenance as important considerations when selecting components and designing the system. Overall, practical smart agriculture depends on integrating reliable sensing, suitable communication, maintainable electronics, and responsible automation to support informed farming decisions and efficient resource use.
Keywords: Internet Of Things, Smart Agriculture, Crop Monitoring, Wireless Sensor Network (Wireless Sensor Network), Precision Agriculture.
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Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology
| Volume | 13 | |
| 03 | ||
| Received | 12/10/2026 | |
| Accepted | 16/10/2026 | |
| Published | 21/10/2026 | |
| Publication Time | 9 Days |