Agricultural Waste-Derived Nanocellulose Composites in Pharmaceutical Packaging: Barrier Performance, Regulatory Considerations and Translational Gaps

Bhawna Pant; Manish Maan

Agricultural Waste-Derived Nanocellulose Composites in Pharmaceutical Packaging: Barrier Performance, Regulatory Considerations and Translational Gaps

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2026 | Volume : 14 | 05 | Page :

Bhawna Pant,

Manish Maan,

Assistant Professor, DBS School of Pharmacy and Research, DBS Global University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Assistant Professor, Doon School of Modern Agriculture and Forestry, DBS Global University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Abstract

Pharmaceutical primary packaging is dominated by poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly (vinylidene chloride) laminates and cold-form aluminium, chosen for barrier performance rather than end-of-life behaviour. Nanocellulose from agricultural residues is widely proposed as a renewable alternative, but almost the entire evidence base has been generated against food-packaging requirements. This review re-examines that literature through a pharmaceutical lens. A search of three bibliographic databases covering 2010–2026, supplemented by Google Scholar and citation searching, screened and selected against the PRISMA 2020 flow structure, yielded 68 included studies on isolation routes for rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, rice and sugarcane straw, banana pseudostem, coir and pine needle feedstocks, compared on crystallinity index, particle geometry and residual impurity burden. Composite strategies for mitigating the intrinsic moisture sensitivity of cellulose nanomaterials are assessed, including matrix selection, silanisation, esterification, wax and clay incorporation and multilayer architecture, and are interpreted against Nielsen and Cussler tortuosity models. Reported barrier data are benchmarked against water vapour transmission rates for conventional blister formats, which span approximately two and a half orders of magnitude from PVC to cold-form foil. Package-level and film-level measurement bases are shown to be non-interconvertible and are presented separately. Converting behaviour, the applicable USP, ICH Q1A(R2) and draft ICH Q3E requirements, and toxicological status are then reviewed. Eight translational gaps are identified, the most consequential being the absence of any published stability study with a real active pharmaceutical ingredient and the absence of any thermoforming data. The gaps are prioritised into a staged research roadmap with explicit decision gates, and a minimum reporting framework is proposed. On the present evidence, agricultural-waste nanocellulose composites are suitable candidates for secondary packaging, unit-dose sachets for non-hygroscopic solids, intermediate plies of multilayer laminates and packaging for products that degrade principally by oxidation rather than hydrolysis, but not for high-barrier primary packaging.

Keywords: Nanocellulose, Agricultural waste, Pharmaceutical packaging, Water vapour transmission rate, Cellulose nanocrystals, Extractables and leachables, Barrier composites, Tortuosity

How to cite this article: Bhawna Pant, Manish Maan. Agricultural Waste-Derived Nanocellulose Composites in Pharmaceutical Packaging: Barrier Performance, Regulatory Considerations and Translational Gaps. Journal of Polymer & Composites. 2026; 14(05):-.

How to cite this URL: Bhawna Pant, Manish Maan. Agricultural Waste-Derived Nanocellulose Composites in Pharmaceutical Packaging: Barrier Performance, Regulatory Considerations and Translational Gaps. Journal of Polymer & Composites. 2026; 14(05):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jopc/article=2026/view=259994

References

1. Product Quality Research Institute (PQRI). Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate for Various High Barrier Blister Packs. Blister WVTR Working Group Final Report. Arlington, VA: PQRI; 2010.
2. Stolzenbach R, Ennis J, Kamph E, et al. The Many Facets of Sustainable and Recyclable Blister Packaging for Pharmaceuticals Primary Packaging. Healthcare Packaging. 2025 Feb 3. [Trade publication; not peer reviewed].
3. Schyns ZOG, Shaver MP. Mechanical recycling of packaging plastics: a review. Macromol Rapid Commun. 2021; 42(3): 2000415. doi:10.1002/marc.202000415.
4. Habibi Y, Lucia LA, Rojas OJ. Cellulose nanocrystals: chemistry, self-assembly, and applications. Chem Rev. 2010; 110(6): 3479–500p. doi:10.1021/cr900339w.
5. Xu Y, Wu Z, Li A, et al. Nanocellulose composite films in food packaging materials: a review. Polymers. 2024; 16(3): 423. doi:10.3390/polym16030423.
6. de Lima GG, Zakaluk ICB, Artner MA, et al. Enhancing barrier and antioxidant properties of nanocellulose films for coatings and active packaging: a review. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2025; 8(9): 4397–421p. doi:10.1021/acsanm.4c04805.
7. Lavoine N, Desloges I, Dufresne A, et al. Microfibrillated cellulose — its barrier properties and applications in cellulosic materials: a review. Carbohydr Polym. 2012; 90(2): 735–64p. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.026.
8. Selvam T, Abd Rahman NMM, Olivito F, et al. Agricultural waste-derived biopolymers for sustainable food packaging: challenges and future prospects. Polymers. 2025; 17(14): 1897. doi:10.3390/polym17141897.
9. United States Pharmacopeia. General Chapter ⟨671⟩ Containers—Performance Testing. USP–NF. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia; 2020.
10. Ciccone M, Tsochatzis E, Njieukam JA, et al. Investigation of potential risks in bio-based food contact materials (FCMs) from microbial exploitation of agricultural wastes: case studies of bacterial cellulose and nisin. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2026; 25(3): e70480. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.70480.
11. International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. ICH Harmonised Guideline Q3E: Guideline for Extractables and Leachables. Draft version, Step 2b. Endorsed 1 August 2025. Geneva: ICH; 2025.
12. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372: n71. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71.
13. Vu AN, Nguyen LH, Tran HCV, et al. Cellulose nanocrystals extracted from rice husk using the formic/peroxyformic acid process: isolation and structural characterization. RSC Adv. 2024; 14(3): 2048–60p. doi:10.1039/D3RA06724F.
14. Lu S, Ma T, Hu X, et al. Facile extraction and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from agricultural waste sugarcane straw. J Sci Food Agric. 2022; 102(1): 312–21p. doi:10.1002/jsfa.11360.
15. Verma C, Chhajed M, Gupta P, et al. Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from different waste bio-mass collating their liquid crystal ordering with morphological exploration. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021; 175: 242–53p. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.038.
16. Karkhanis SS, Stark NM, Sabo RC, et al. Water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of extrusion-blown poly(lactic acid)/cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposite films. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf. 2018; 114: 204–11p. doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.08.025.
17. Wang J, Gardner DJ, Stark NM, et al. Moisture and oxygen barrier properties of cellulose nanomaterial-based films. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2018; 6(1): 49–70p. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03523.
18. Aulin C, Salazar-Alvarez G, Lindström T. High strength, flexible and transparent nanofibrillated cellulose–nanoclay biohybrid films with tunable oxygen and water vapor permeability. Nanoscale. 2012; 4(20): 6622–8p. doi:10.1039/C2NR31726E.
19. Pinto F, Lourenço AF, Pedrosa JFS, et al. Analysis of the in vitro toxicity of nanocelluloses in human lung cells as compared to multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(9): 1432. doi:10.3390/nano12091432.
20. Li Y, Jiao H, Zhang H, et al. Biosafety consideration of nanocellulose in biomedical applications: a review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024; 265(Pt 1): 130900. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130900.
21. Kolakovic R, Peltonen L, Laukkanen A, et al. Nanofibrillar cellulose films for controlled drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2012; 82(2): 308–15p. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.06.011.
22. United States Pharmacopeia. General Chapter ⟨659⟩ Packaging and Storage Requirements. USP–NF. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia; 2021. doi:10.31003/USPNF_M2773_06_01.
23. United States Pharmacopeia. General Chapter ⟨661.1⟩ Plastic Materials of Construction. USP–NF. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia; 2022. doi:10.31003/USPNF_M8008_11_01.
24. United States Pharmacopeia. General Chapter ⟨661.2⟩ Plastic Packaging Systems for Pharmaceutical Use. USP–NF. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia; 2023. doi:10.31003/USPNF_M8009_05_01.
25. United States Pharmacopeia. General Chapter ⟨1663⟩ Assessment of Extractables Associated with Pharmaceutical Packaging/Delivery Systems. USP–NF. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia; 2020. doi:10.31003/USPNF_M7126_03_01.
26. United States Pharmacopeia. General Chapter ⟨1664⟩ Assessment of Drug Product Leachables Associated with Pharmaceutical Packaging/Delivery Systems. USP–NF. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia; 2022. doi:10.31003/USPNF_M7127_02_01.
27. International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. ICH Q1A(R2): Stability testing of new drug substances and products. Geneva: ICH; 2003.
28. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Q3E Guideline for Extractables and Leachables. Draft Guidance for Industry. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; November 2025. Docket No. FDA-2025-D-4678.
29. ASTM International. ASTM D7709-12(2023): Standard Test Methods for Measuring Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) of Pharmaceutical Bottles and Blisters. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2023. doi:10.1520/D7709-12R23.
30. ASTM International. ASTM E96/E96M-24a: Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2024. doi:10.1520/E0096_E0096M-24A.
31. Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S. SANRA—a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integr Peer Rev. 2019; 4: 5. doi:10.1186/s41073-019-0064-8.
32. Araújo DJC, Machado AV, Vilarinho MCLG. Availability and suitability of agroindustrial residues as feedstock for cellulose-based materials: Brazil case study. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2019; 10(10): 2863–78p. doi:10.1007/s12649-018-0291-0.
33. Ludueña L, Fasce D, Alvarez VA, et al. Nanocellulose from rice husk following alkaline treatment to remove silica. BioResources. 2011; 6(2): 1440–53p. doi:10.15376/biores.6.2.1440-1453.
34. Evans SK, Wesley ON, Nathan O, et al. Chemically purified cellulose and its nanocrystals from sugarcane baggase: isolation and characterization. Heliyon. 2019; 5(10): e02635. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02635.
35. Pavalaydon K, Ramasawmy H, Surroop D. Comparative evaluation of cellulose nanocrystals from bagasse and coir agro-wastes for reinforcing PVA-based composites. Environ Dev Sustain. 2022; 24(8): 9963–84p. doi:10.1007/s10668-021-01852-9.
36. Gupta A, Ghosh P, Arora K, et al. Valorization potential of pine needle waste biomass: recent trends and future perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2024; 31(25): 36136–51p. doi:10.1007/s11356-023-27440-0.
37. Yeole NR. Sustainable materials and energy from pine needle waste—a review. Rev Environ Health. 2025; 40(3): 580–90p. doi:10.1515/reveh-2024-0146.
38. Singh V, Mittal N, Dhukia S, et al. Novel ternary based natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) for sustainable extraction of lignin nanoparticles from waste Pinus roxburghii needles: a green approach. Sustain Chem Pharm. 2024; 39: 101518. doi:10.1016/j.scp.2024.101518.
39. Kumar A, Gupta V, Singh S, et al. Pine needles lignocellulosic ethylene scavenging paper impregnated with nanozeolite for active packaging applications. Ind Crops Prod. 2021; 170: 113752. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113752.
40. Beltramino F, Roncero MB, Torres AL, et al. Optimization of sulfuric acid hydrolysis conditions for preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose from enzymatically pretreated fibers. Cellulose. 2016; 23(3): 1777–89p. doi:10.1007/s10570-016-0897-y.
41. Li B, Xu W, Kronlund D, et al. Cellulose nanocrystals prepared via formic acid hydrolysis followed by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Carbohydr Polym. 2015; 133: 605–12p. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.033.
42. Samsalee N, Meerasri J, Sothornvit R. Rice husk nanocellulose: extraction by high-pressure homogenization, chemical treatments and characterization. Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl. 2023; 6: 100353. doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100353.
43. Tian C, Yi J, Wu Y, et al. Preparation of highly charged cellulose nanofibrils using high-pressure homogenization coupled with strong acid hydrolysis pretreatments. Carbohydr Polym. 2016; 136: 485–92p. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.055.
44. Shaheen TI, Emam HE. Sono-chemical synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals from wood sawdust using acid hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018; 107(Pt B): 1599–606p. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.028.
45. Wang L, Zhu X, Chen X, et al. Isolation and characteristics of nanocellulose from hardwood pulp via phytic acid pretreatment. Ind Crops Prod. 2022; 182: 114921. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114921.
46. Serrano-Martínez VM, Pérez-Aguilar H, Carbonell-Blasco MP, et al. Effect of acid hydrolysis conditions on the extraction of cellulose nanocrystals. Polymers. 2025; 17(10): 1313. doi:10.3390/polym17101313.
47. Vigneshwar J, Lakshmi Priya G. Structural characterization and protein interaction profiling of sugarcane bagasse-derived cellulose nanocrystals. Sci Rep. 2026. doi:10.1038/s41598-026-59293-1. PMID:42472875.
48. Din MSU, Naveed M, Makki HH. Development and characterization of nanocellulose sheets from rice husk through sequential pretreatment and hydrolysis. Sci Rep. 2026; 16(1): 22641. doi:10.1038/s41598-026-52955-0.
49. Islam MS, Kao N, Bhattacharya SN, et al. Effect of low pressure alkaline delignification process on the production of nanocrystalline cellulose from rice husk. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2017; 80: 820–34p. doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2017.06.042.
50. Charoensopa K, Thangunpai K, Kong P, et al. Extraction of nanocellulose from the residue of sugarcane bagasse fiber for anti-Staphylococcus aureus application. Polymers. 2024; 16(11): 1612. doi:10.3390/polym16111612.
51. Lam NT, Chollakup R, Smitthipong W, et al. Characterization of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from sugarcane bagasse for potential biomedical materials. Sugar Tech. 2017; 19(5): 539–52p. doi:10.1007/s12355-016-0507-1.
52. dos Santos RM, Flauzino Neto WP, Silvério HA, et al. Cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple leaf, a new approach for the reuse of this agro-waste. Ind Crops Prod. 2013; 50: 707–14p. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.049.
53. Sheltami RM, Abdullah I, Ahmad I, et al. Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from mengkuang leaves (Pandanus tectorius). Carbohydr Polym. 2012; 88(2): 772–9p. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.062.
54. Duarte Urueña G, Ribeiro KC, Prestes E, et al. Extraction of cellulose nanocrystal from multilayer packaging residues composed of a mixture of eucalyptus and pine fibers. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2021; 12(10): 5763–77p. doi:10.1007/s12649-021-01383-4.
55. Li Y, Chen Y, Wu Q, et al. Improved hydrophobic, UV barrier and antibacterial properties of multifunctional PVA nanocomposite films reinforced with modified lignin contained cellulose nanofibers. Polymers. 2022; 14(9): 1705. doi:10.3390/polym14091705.
56. Aulin C, Gällstedt M, Lindström T. Oxygen and oil barrier properties of microfibrillated cellulose films and coatings. Cellulose. 2010; 17(3): 559–74p. doi:10.1007/s10570-009-9393-y.
57. Nielsen LE. Models for the permeability of filled polymer systems. J Macromol Sci Part A Chem. 1967; 1(5): 929–42p. doi:10.1080/10601326708053745.
58. Cussler EL, Hughes SE, Ward WJ, et al. Barrier membranes. J Membr Sci. 1988; 38(2): 161–74p. doi:10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80877-7.
59. Parhizgar M, Azadfallah M, Kaboorani A, et al. Development of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-reinforced PLA/PMMA nanocomposite coatings for sustainable paper-based packaging. Polymers. 2026; 18(2): 175. doi:10.3390/polym18020175.
60. Zamir SS, Fathi B, Ajji A, et al. Crystallinity and gas permeability of poly(lactic acid)/starch nanocrystal nanocomposite. Polymers. 2022; 14(14): 2802. doi:10.3390/polym14142802.
61. Liu X, Chen X, Ren J, et al. TiO₂–KH550 nanoparticle-reinforced PVA/xylan composite films with multifunctional properties. Materials. 2018; 11(9): 1589. doi:10.3390/ma11091589.
62. Ilyas RA, Azmi A, Nurazzi NM, et al. Oxygen permeability properties of nanocellulose reinforced biopolymer nanocomposites. Mater Today Proc. 2022; 52(Pt 5): 2414–9p. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.420.
63. Alvarado MC. Recent progress in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/nanocellulose composite films for packaging applications: a comprehensive review of the impact on physico-mechanical properties. Food Bioeng. 2024; 3(2): 189–209p. doi:10.1002/fbe2.12086.
64. Yang W, Qi G, Kenny JM, et al. Effect of cellulose nanocrystals and lignin nanoparticles on mechanical, antioxidant and water vapour barrier properties of glutaraldehyde crosslinked PVA films. Polymers. 2020; 12(6): 1364. doi:10.3390/polym12061364.
65. Yadav M, Behera K, Chang YH, et al. Cellulose nanocrystal reinforced chitosan based UV barrier composite films for sustainable packaging. Polymers. 2020; 12(1): 202. doi:10.3390/polym12010202.
66. Lin W, Hu X, You X, et al. Hydrophobic modification of nanocellulose via a two-step silanation method. Polymers. 2018; 10(9): 1035. doi:10.3390/polym10091035.
67. Alimohammadzadeh R, Sanhueza I, Córdova A. Design and fabrication of superhydrophobic cellulose nanocrystal films by combination of self-assembly and organocatalysis. Sci Rep. 2023; 13: 3157. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29905-1.
68. Surya I, Hazwan CM, Abdul Khalil HPS, et al. Hydrophobicity and biodegradability of silane-treated nanocellulose in biopolymer for high-grade packaging applications. Polymers. 2022; 14(19): 4147. doi:10.3390/polym14194147.
69. Somsesta N, Chamamporn C, Wongsopanakun N, et al. Surface-coated paper packaging with nanocellulose modified with quaternary ammonium organosilane and precipitated calcium carbonate for improved water repellency and antibacterial activity. Sci Rep. 2025; 15: 25723. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10306-5.
70. Zhan X, Chen J, Yang Z, et al. Superhydrophobic film from silicone-modified nanocellulose and waterborne polyurethane through simple sanding process. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023; 232: 123431. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123431.
71. Jonoobi M, Harun J, Mathew AP, et al. Preparation of cellulose nanofibers with hydrophobic surface characteristics. Cellulose. 2010; 17(2): 299–307p. doi:10.1007/s10570-009-9387-9.
72. Qin C, Wang W, Li W, et al. Reactive water vapor barrier coatings derived from cellulose undecenoyl esters for paper packaging. Coatings. 2020; 10(11): 1032. doi:10.3390/coatings10111032.
73. Yang W, He X, Luzi F, et al. Thermomechanical, antioxidant and moisture behaviour of PVA films in presence of citric acid esterified cellulose nanocrystals. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020; 161: 617–26p. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.082.
74. Ben Shalom T, Belsey S, Chasnitsky M, et al. Cellulose nanocrystals and corn zein oxygen and water vapor barrier biocomposite films. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(1): 247. doi:10.3390/nano11010247.
75. Srivastava KR, Dixit S, Pal DB, et al. Effect of nanocellulose on mechanical and barrier properties of PVA–banana pseudostem fiber composite films. Environ Technol Innov. 2021; 21: 101312. doi:10.1016/j.eti.2020.101312.
76. Rocha PJT, Moreira R, Pinto P, et al. Benchmarking barrier coatings for paper packaging: from biopolymers and nanomaterials to bionanocomposites. Prog Org Coat. 2026; 110360. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2026.110360.
77. Bergey MS. Blister package for pharmaceutical cartridges. US Patent 8,925,726 B2. 2015 Jan 6. [Patent literature; not peer reviewed].
78. European Parliament, Council of the European Union. Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 of 27 October 2004 on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food and repealing Directives 80/590/EEC and 89/109/EEC. Off J Eur Union. 2004; L338: 4–17p.
79. Qin Z, Ng W, Ede J, et al. Nanocellulose and its modified forms in the food industry: applications, safety, and regulatory perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2024; 23(6): e70049. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.70049.
80. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2026.
81. Roman M. Toxicity of cellulose nanocrystals: a review. Ind Biotechnol. 2015; 11(1): 25–33p. doi:10.1089/ind.2014.0024.
82. Seabra AB, Bernardes JS, Fávaro WJ, et al. Cellulose nanocrystals as carriers in medicine and their toxicities: a review. Carbohydr Polym. 2018; 181: 514–27p. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.014.
83. Kolakovic R, Peltonen L, Laaksonen T, et al. Spray-dried cellulose nanofibers as novel tablet excipient. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2011; 12(4): 1366–73p. doi:10.1208/s12249-011-9705-z.
84. Raghav N, Sharma MR, Kennedy JF. Nanocellulose: a mini-review on types and use in drug delivery systems. Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl. 2021; 2: 100031. doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100031.
85. Curi LM, Area MC, Vallejos ME. Toxicological and safety considerations of nanocellulose-containing packaging materials. J Renew Mater. 2025; 13(11): 2109–37p. doi:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0069.

Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article

Journal of Polymer & Composites

ISSN: 2321-2810

Volume	14
	05
Received	22/09/2026
Accepted	05/10/2026
Published		12/10/2026
Publication Time	20 Days

Login

PlumX Metrics

Initiatives

Legal Information

Contact Us

STM Journals
An imprint of Consortium E-learning network Pvt. Ltd.
A-118, 1st Floor, Sector-63, Noida, U.P. India, Pin-201301
(Tel) (+91) 0120- 4781 200
(Mob) (+91) 9810078958, +919667725932
[email protected]

Join Us

Submit Manuscript

Submit Topics

WEBSITE DISCLAIMER

Last updated: 2022-06-15

The information provided by STM Journals (“Company”, “we”, “our”, “us”) on https://journals.stmjournals.com/ (the “Site”) is for general informational purposes only. All information on the Site is provided in good faith, however, we make no representation or warranty of any kind, express or implied, regarding the accuracy, adequacy, validity, reliability, availability, or completeness of any information on the Site.

UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCE SHALL WE HAVE ANY LIABILITY TO YOU FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE OF ANY KIND INCURRED AS A RESULT OF THE USE OF THE SITE OR RELIANCE ON ANY INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THE SITE. YOUR USE OF THE SITE AND YOUR RELIANCE ON ANY INFORMATION ON THE SITE IS SOLELY AT YOUR OWN RISK.

EXTERNAL LINKS DISCLAIMER

The Site may contain (or you may be sent through the Site) links to other websites or content belonging to or originating from third parties or links to websites and features. Such external links are not investigated, monitored, or checked for accuracy, adequacy, validity, reliability, availability, or completeness by us.

WE DO NOT WARRANT, ENDORSE, GUARANTEE, OR ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ACCURACY OR RELIABILITY OF ANY INFORMATION OFFERED BY THIRD-PARTY WEBSITES LINKED THROUGH THE SITE OR ANY WEBSITE OR FEATURE LINKED IN ANY BANNER OR OTHER ADVERTISING. WE WILL NOT BE A PARTY TO OR IN ANY WAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR MONITORING ANY TRANSACTION BETWEEN YOU AND THIRD-PARTY PROVIDERS OF PRODUCTS OR SERVICES.

PROFESSIONAL DISCLAIMER

The Site can not and does not contain medical advice. The information is provided for general informational and educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Accordingly, before taking any actions based on such information, we encourage you to consult with the appropriate professionals. We do not provide any kind of medical advice.

Content published on https://journals.stmjournals.com/ is intended to be used and must be used for informational purposes only. It is very important to do your analysis before making any decision based on your circumstances. You should take independent medical advice from a professional or independently research and verify any information that you find on our Website and wish to rely upon.

THE USE OR RELIANCE OF ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED ON THIS SITE IS SOLELY AT YOUR OWN RISK.

AFFILIATES DISCLAIMER

The Site may contain links to affiliate websites, and we may receive an affiliate commission for any purchases or actions made by you on the affiliate websites using such links.

TESTIMONIALS DISCLAIMER

The Site may contain testimonials by users of our products and/or services. These testimonials reflect the real-life experiences and opinions of such users. However, the experiences are personal to those particular users, and may not necessarily be representative of all users of our products and/or services. We do not claim, and you should not assume that all users will have the same experiences.

YOUR RESULTS MAY VARY.

The testimonials on the Site are submitted in various forms such as text, audio, and/or video, and are reviewed by us before being posted. They appear on the Site verbatim as given by the users, except for the correction of grammar or typing errors. Some testimonials may have been shortened for the sake of brevity, where the full testimonial contained extraneous information not relevant to the general public.

The views and opinions contained in the testimonials belong solely to the individual user and do not reflect our views and opinions.

ERRORS AND OMISSIONS DISCLAIMER

While we have made every attempt to ensure that the information contained in this site has been obtained from reliable sources, STM Journals is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of this information. All information on this site is provided “as is”, with no guarantee of completeness, accuracy, timeliness, or of the results obtained from the use of this information, and without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including, but not limited to warranties of performance, merchantability, and fitness for a particular purpose.

In no event will STM Journals, its related partnerships or corporations, or the partners, agents, or employees thereof be liable to you or anyone else for any decision made or action taken in reliance on the information in this Site or for any consequential, special or similar damages, even if advised of the possibility of such damages.

GUEST CONTRIBUTORS DISCLAIMER

This Site may include content from guest contributors and any views or opinions expressed in such posts are personal and do not represent those of STM Journals or any of its staff or affiliates unless explicitly stated.

LOGOS AND TRADEMARKS DISCLAIMER

All logos and trademarks of third parties referenced on https://journals.stmjournals.com/ are the trademarks and logos of their respective owners. Any inclusion of such trademarks or logos does not imply or constitute any approval, endorsement, or sponsorship of STM Journals by such owners.

Use of AI Tools in Blog Content

Some of the blog posts published on this website are created with the assistance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools. While efforts are made to review and edit the content for accuracy and appropriateness, there may still be instances where unintended, unnecessary, or unverified information or claims appear.Readers are advised to use their discretion while interpreting the content. The primary purpose of using AI-generated content is to provide our audience with the most recent, diverse, and wide-ranging information on various topics. The content is intended to inform and engage, not to mislead.All external links included in the blogs are intended to guide users to real and authentic workshops, programs, or resources. The information presented through those links is curated and verified to the best of our knowledge.This disclaimer is meant to inform visitors about the use of AI in content creation, acknowledge potential limitations in content accuracy, and encourage informed and responsible reading.

CONTACT US

Should you have any feedback, comments, requests for technical support, or other inquiries, please contact us by email: [email protected].