This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.
Sumit B.Dhande,
Vibhav N Anasane,
- Assistant Professor, P. G P. G. Depatment of computer Sci &Tech,DCPE, HVPM, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
- Student, P. G P. G. Depatment of computer Sci &Tech,DCPE, HVPM, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Astronomy is a fundamental scientific discipline concerned with the study of celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and the physical processes that govern the Universe. Over centuries, astronomy has progressed from naked-eye observations of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars to sophisticated investigations of galaxies, black holes, exoplanets, dark matter, and dark energy. Modern astronomy is highly interdisciplinary, integrating physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, atmospheric science, and space science to investigate the origin, composition, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate of the Universe. Observations across the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from radio and microwave to infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths, provide information about diverse astronomical environments. Gravitational-wave observations and cosmic particles, particularly neutrinos, further extend observational capabilities and have established multi-messenger astronomy as an important approach to understanding energetic cosmic events. This review summarizes major areas of contemporary astronomy, including stellar formation and evolution, galaxies and large-scale structure, black holes, exoplanets, cosmology, dark matter, dark energy, and astronomical observation. It also examines the contributions of modern ground-based and space-based observatories, together with advances in spectroscopy and large astronomical surveys. The growing application of computational astronomy, artificial intelligence, and machine-learning techniques has significantly enhanced the processing, analysis, and interpretation of large astronomical datasets. Despite substantial scientific progress, fundamental questions remain regarding the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the formation of the earliest galaxies, black-hole evolution, and the potential for life beyond Earth. Continued advances in observational technology, computational methods, and theoretical modeling are expected to provide deeper insights into the history, structure, and evolution of the Universe.
Keywords: Astronomy; Astrophysics; Stars; Galaxies; Black Holes; Exoplanets; Cosmology; Dark Matter; Dark Energy; Space Telescopes
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International Journal of Universe
| Volume | 02 | |
| 02 | ||
| Received | 24/09/2026 | |
| Accepted | 25/09/2026 | |
| Published | 10/10/2026 | |
| Publication Time | 16 Days |