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Kirti Verma,
Divya Tiwari,
- Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Mathematics Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Tagore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Salem, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
Quantum Field Theory (QFT) provides the theoretical framework for describing elementary particles and their interactions within the principles of quantum mechanics and special relativity. In QFT, particles are interpreted as quantized excitations of underlying fields that exist throughout space and time. This framework naturally accommodates particle creation and annihilation and provides a mathematically consistent description of relativistic quantum systems. During the twentieth century, QFT developed from the early formulation of quantum electrodynamics into a broad theoretical structure encompassing quantum electrodynamics (QED), electroweak theory, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and the Standard Model of particle physics. This review presents the fundamental principles of QFT, including quantum fields, Lagrangian formulations, relativistic invariance, symmetries, gauge invariance, quantization, perturbation theory, Feynman diagrams, and renormalization. The development and structure of the Standard Model are discussed, including the role of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism in the generation of particle masses. The review also examines effective field theory, quantum anomalies, renormalization-group behavior, and the relationship between QFT and gravity. In addition, applications of QFT in particle physics, cosmology, condensed-matter physics, nuclear physics, and mathematical physics are considered. Despite its remarkable experimental success, QFT leaves several fundamental questions unresolved, including the quantum nature of gravity, dark matter, dark energy, neutrino properties, and the origin of the observed hierarchy of physical scales. Continued theoretical and experimental developments are therefore essential for extending the framework toward a more complete understanding of fundamental physics.
Keywords: Quantum Field Theory; Quantum Mechanics; Gauge Symmetry; Standard Model
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Emerging Trends in Symmetry
| Volume | 02 | |
| 02 | ||
| Received | 24/09/2026 | |
| Accepted | 25/09/2026 | |
| Published | 08/10/2026 | |
| Publication Time | 14 Days |