Binary GA for Sidelobe Reduction and Null Steering in 5G Array

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2026 | Volume : 04 | 02 | Page :
By

Keyurkumar M. Patel,

Rizwan H. Alad,

Ashishkumar B. Pandya,

Purvang D. Dalal,

  1. Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
  2. Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
  3. Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
  4. Professor & Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive performance evaluation of a Binary Genetic Algorithm (BGA) for optimizing radiation characteristics of an active phased array antenna used in fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication systems. The primary objective is to achieve effective null steering while maintaining the desired main beam direction and simultaneously reducing the side lobe level (SLL). These improvements are essential for minimizing co-channel interference, enhancing spatial selectivity, and improving the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), thereby increasing the overall reliability and spectral efficiency of modern wireless networks. A microstrip patch antenna is selected as the radiating element due to its low profile, compact size, ease of fabrication, and suitability for phased array applications. The radiation pattern of the individual antenna element is incorporated into the optimization process to obtain realistic array performance. The Binary Genetic Algorithm is employed to optimize the amplitude and phase excitation coefficients of the array elements, enabling the synthesis of a radiation pattern with deep nulls in specified interference directions while preserving the desired beam characteristics. A multi-objective fitness function is formulated to maximize null depth and minimize side lobe levels without significantly affecting the main lobe performance. To further enhance optimization efficiency, a modified Binary Genetic Algorithm is proposed by introducing carefully selected genes into the initial population. This modification accelerates convergence and improves the quality of the obtained solutions compared with the conventional Binary Genetic Algorithm. Extensive computer simulations are carried out to compare the performance of both optimization techniques under identical operating conditions. The simulation results demonstrate that the modified approach provides deeper nulls, lower side lobe levels, and faster convergence, making it a promising optimization technique for adaptive beamforming and interference suppression in advanced 5G phased array antenna systems.

Keywords: Active Phase array antenna, Binary Genetic Algorithm, Side Lobe Level, Null Steering, Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio

How to cite this article: Keyurkumar M. Patel, Rizwan H. Alad, Ashishkumar B. Pandya, Purvang D. Dalal. Binary GA for Sidelobe Reduction and Null Steering in 5G Array. International Journal of Radio Frequency Innovations. 2026; 04(02):-.
How to cite this URL: Keyurkumar M. Patel, Rizwan H. Alad, Ashishkumar B. Pandya, Purvang D. Dalal. Binary GA for Sidelobe Reduction and Null Steering in 5G Array. International Journal of Radio Frequency Innovations. 2026; 04(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijrfi/article=2026/view=253791

References

  1. Haupt RL. Genetic algorithm applications for phased arrays. Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal (ACES). 2006:325-36.
  2. Dolph CL. A current distribution for broadside arrays which optimizes the relationship between beam width and side-lobe level. Proceedings of the IRE. 1946 Jun 30;34(6):335-48.
  3. Taylor TT. Design of line-source antennas for narrow beamwidth and low side lobes. Transactions of the IRE Professional Group on Antennas and Propagation. 1955 Jan 31;3(1):16- 28.
  4. Visser HJ. Antenna theory and applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2012 Mar 12.
  5. Orchard HJ, Elliott RS, Stern GJ. Optimising the synthesis of shaped beam antenna patterns. InIEE Proceedings H (Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation) 1985 Feb (Vol. 132, No. 1, pp. 63-68). IEE.
  6. Bayliss ET. Design of monopulse antenna difference patterns with low sidelobes. Bell System Technical Journal. 1968 May 6;47(5):623-50.
  7. Stutzman W, Coffey E. Radiation pattern synthesis of planar antennas using the iterative sampling method. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1975 Nov 30;23(6):764-9.
  8. Holland JH. Complex adaptive systems. Daedalus. 1992 Jan 1;121(1):17-30.
  9. Widrow B, Mantey PE, Griffiths LJ, Goode BB. Adaptive antenna systems. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1967 Dec 31;55(12):2143-59. 1967.
  10. Chen TB, Chen YB, Jiao YC, Zhang ES. Synthesis of antenna array using particle swarm optimization. In2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings 2005 Dec 4 (Vol. 3, pp. 4-pp). IEEE.
  11. Quevedo-Teruel O, Rajo-Iglesias E. Application of ant colony optimization based algorithm to solve different electromagnetic problems. InThe European Conference on Antennas and Propagation: EuCAP 2006 2006 Oct (Vol. 626, p. 515).
  12. Panduro MA. Design of non‐uniform linear phased arrays using genetic algorithms to provide maximum interference reduction capability in a wireless communication system. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers. 2006 Oct 1;29(7):1195-201.
  13. Haupt RL, Werner DH. Genetic algorithms in electromagnetics. John Wiley & Sons; 2007 Mar 31.
  14. Khan MR, Tuzlukov V. Beamforming for rejection of co-channels interference in an OFDM system. In2010 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing 2010 Oct 16 (Vol. 7, pp. 3318-3322). IEEE.
  15. Khan MR, Tuzlukov V. Null-steering beamforming for cancellation of co-channel interference in CDMA wireless communication system. In2010 4th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems 2010 Dec 13 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
  16. Litva J, Lo TK. Digital beamforming in wireless communications. Artech House, Inc.; 1996 Sep 1.
  17. Blogh JS, Hanzo L. Third-Generation Systems and Intelligent Wireless Networking-smart antennas and adaptive modulation. John Wiley & Sons; 2002.
  18. Li HJ, Liu TY. Comparison of beamforming techniques for W-CDMA communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2003 Jul 31;52(4):752-60.
  19. Forrest S. Genetic algorithms. ACM computing surveys (CSUR). 1996 Mar 1;28(1):77-80.
Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 04
02
Received 27/06/2026
Accepted 05/08/2026
Published 01/09/2026
Publication Time 66 Days

Login

My IP

PlumX Metrics