Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviour of Microalloyed Forging Steels

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2025 | Volume : 11 | 02 | Page :
    By

    P K Mandal,

  1. Assistant Professor, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirappally, Kerela, India

Abstract

document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_abs_200430’);});Edit Abstract & Keyword

The microalloyed (MA) forging steels have been developed over the past several decades and they are gradually employed in the high-performance applications in many structural, automotive, and numerous engineering applications. The principle of microalloying contents in the Fe-C alloy system thereby preferably combined with different mechanical, heat treatment, and also microalloying solubility control the precipitation behaviors that lead to enormous opportunities to develop a new generation of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels. Although alloy chemistry is unexpectedly favourable for preserving high strength and toughness to encourage alloy development point of views, whereas mild C, low S and low P, and also valuable minor elements (Cr, Mo, Ni, Cu, and Co) are highly appreciable to enhance mechanical properties. The MA steels rods were cast through melting route and subsequently hot forged then normalized at 950oC and 1100oC respectively and then tempered at 600oC to attain optimum hardness of 220HV. Specially, niobium (Nb) offers substantial precipitation strengthening on deformed austenite substructure and suppressing recrystallization, thereby refining the final microstructures and mechanical properties of niobium content MA steels have been investigated and also major solubility influenced the precipitating compounds such as NbC, V (C, N) or TiN etc. The optimum mechanical properties were obtained after normalizing treatment from 1100oC then immediately fast airdraft cooled likely to YS of 520 MPa, UTS of 660 MPa, ductility of 39.92%, RA of 45.24%, and notable impact energy achieved optimum at room temperature (RT) of 196 J/cm2 and cryogenic treatment (CT) at -20oC of 60 J/cm2, respectively.

Keywords: Impact energy, Mechanical properties, MA steels, Niobium, Precipitation strengthening, Mechanical properties

How to cite this article:
P K Mandal. Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviour of Microalloyed Forging Steels. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys. 2025; 11(02):-.
How to cite this URL:
P K Mandal. Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviour of Microalloyed Forging Steels. International Journal of Metallurgy and Alloys. 2025; 11(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijma/article=2025/view=0


document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_ref_200430’);});Edit

References

[1]J.C. Villalobos, A. Del-Pozo, B. Campillo, J. Mayen, S. Serna, Metals, 8, 351, 2018, pp. 1-49.

[2] D. Battacharjee, Tecnol. Metal. Mater. Miner., Vol. 11, No. 4, 2014,  pp. 371-383.

[3] S. Huang, Z. Li, H. Tang, Z. Zeng, Y. Shi, C. Li, Scientific Reports, 15, 2025, pp. 1-23.

[4] A.G. Kostryzhev, C.D. Slater, O.O. Marenych, C.L. Davis, Scientific Reports, 6, 2016, pp.1-7.

[5] P. Mandal, D Chakrabarti, K K Ray, A K Chakrabarti, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2004, pp.1-5.

[6] M. Opiela, W. Ozgowicz, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 55, Issue 2, Dec. 2012, pp. 759-771.

[7]  S. Kumar, S.K. Nath, International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2014, pp. 1056-1059.

[8]  K. Muszka, J. Majta, L. Bienias, Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering, Vol. 32. No. 2, 2006, pp. 87-97.

[9]  Z. Lv, X-p. Ren, Z-h. Li, Z-m. Lu, M-m. Gao, Materials Research, 18(2), 2015, pp. 304-312.

[10] Y. Li, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, pp. 1-8.

[11] J.D.J. Joseph, C. Aravindh, P.D. Kannan, M. Dineshmuthu, J.J.J. Kumar, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 6, Issue 04, 2018, pp. 1-3.

[12] S.F. Kane, A.L. Farland, T.A. Siewert, C.N. McCowan, Welding Research Supplement, August 1999, pp. 292-298.

[13] A. IIic, L. Ivanovic, B. Stojanovic, D. Josifovic, E. Desnica, Applied Engineering Letters, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2018, pp. 98-104.

[14] T.A. Gholap, S.A. Mohod, International Journal of Advance Research in Science and Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 09, Sept. 2015, pp. 140-149.

[15] V. Haribalaji, S. Boopathi, S. Balamurugan, International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, Nov. 2014, pp. 170-179.

[16] R. Sharma, V. Singh, M. Singh, International Journal of Engineering Development and Research, Vol. 7, Issue 4, 2019, pp. 745-753.

[17] A. Qaban, S. Naher, International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Vol. 7, Issue 5, May 2019, pp. 53-56.

[18] H. Mohrbacher, J-R. Yang, Y-W. Chen, J. Rehrl, T. Hebesbeger, Metals, 10, 504, 2020, pp.1-17.

[19] J. Ren, Z. Liu, Materials Science and Engineering, 611, 2019, pp. 1-8.

[20] S. Huang, W. Li, S. Lu, F. Tian, J. Shen, E. Holmstrom et al., Scripta Materialia, 2015, 108, pp. 44-47.

[21] P. Marynowski, M. Hojny, T. Debinski, Archives of Foundry Engg., Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2023, pp. 127-136.

[22] X. Liu, T. Li, C. Zhao, Y. Wang, AIP Advances, 13, 075317, July 14 2023, pp. 1-8.

[23] R K Gupta, C. Mathew, P. Ramkumar, Frontiers in Aerospace Engg., Vol. 4, No. 1, May 2015, pp.1-13.

[24] Z. Guo, W. Sha, Materials Transactions, 43, 2002, pp. 1273-1282.

[25] L.B. Godefroid, B.M. Sena, V.B.T. Filho, Materials Research, 2016, pp. 1-9.

[26] J. Adamczyk, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 14, Issue 1-2, Jan.-Feb. 2006, pp. 9-20.

[27] F. Einkhah, J. Rassizadehghani, H. Najafidejdehmonfared, Nanotechnology & Applications, Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2018, pp. 1-5.

[28] S.K. Dua, A. Ray, D.S. Sharma, Mat. Sci. and Engg., A318, 2001, pp. 197-210.

[29] T. Kawabata, M. Tadano, O. Izumi, ISIJ International, Vol. 31, No. 10, 1991, pp. 1161-1167.

[30] A. Raj, B. Goswami, S.B. Kumar, A.K. Ray, High Temp. Materials Processing, 23, 6, 2013, pp.517-531.

[31] J. Zhao, Z. Jiang, C.S. Lee, Materials and Design, 47, 2013, pp. 227-233.

[32] Y. Funakawa, T. Shiozaki, K. Tomita, T. Yamamoto, E. Maeda, ISIJ International, Vol. 44, No. 11, 2004, pp. 1945-1951.

[33] A.B. Cota, O.F.L. Goncalves, A.R. Barbosa,  C.A.M. Lacerda, F.G.S. Araujo, Materials Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2003, pp. 117-121.

[34] D. Liu, Z. Wang, J. Liu, Z. Wang and X. Zuo,  Metals, 2022, 12, 363, pp. 1-15.

[35] L.Yang, Y. Xing, Materials Research, 25, 2022, pp. 1-9.

[36] S. Rusz, L. Cizek, P. Filipec, M. Pastrnak, Journal in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 31, Issue 2, Dec. 2008, pp. 356-363.

[37] D. Zhang, X. Gao, M. Wang, W. Li, J. Guo, Y. Teng, W. Zhang, Materials Research Express, 9, 2022, pp. 1-12.

[38] A. Ghosh, S. Kundu, D. Chakrabarti, Scripta Materialia, 81, 2014,  pp. 8-11.

[39] M.K. Manoj, V. Pancholi, S.K. Nath, International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.4, April 2014, pp. 243-249.

[40] W. Ozgowicz, E. Kalinowska-Ozgowicz, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 32, Issue 2, August 2008, pp. 89-94.

[41] H.S. El-Faramawy, S.N. Ghali, M.M. Eissa, Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 11, 2012, pp. 1108-1112.

[42] Khodabandeh, M. Jahazi, S. Yue, P. Bocher, ISIJ International, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2005, pp. 272-280.

[43] S.M. Aktarer, T. Kucukomeroglu, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 75, Issue 2, April 2016, pp. 55-60.

[44] J. Gorka, Machines, Technologies, Mat., Issue 12, 2013, pp. 24-27.

[45] M.H.A. Musa, M.A. Maleque, M.Y. Ali, Materials Science and Engineering, 184, 2017, pp. 1-6.

[46] G.R. Ebrahimi, H. Arabshahi, Journal of Advanced Research in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 1, Issue 4, 2010, pp. 182-187.

[47] A. Babakhani, A.R. Kiani-Rashid, S.M.R. Ziaei, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 27:2, 2012, pp.135-139.

[48] S. Illescas, J. Fernandez, J. Asensio, M, Sanchez-Soto, J.M. Guilemany, Revista De Metalurgia, 45(6), Nov.-Dec. 2009, pp. 424-431.

[49] P. Skubisz, L. Lisiecki, T. Skowronek, A. Zak, W. Zalecki, Materials and Tech., 50, 5, 2016, pp.783-789.

[50] A. Molinari, M. Pellizzari, S. Gialanella, G. Straffelini, K.H. Stiasny, Journal  of Mater. Process. Technol. 118, 2001, pp. 350–355.

[51] X. Xu, P. Kumar, R. Cao, Q. Ye, Y. Chu, Y. Tian, Y. Li, R.O. Ritchie, Acta Meterialia, 274, 2024, pp. 1-15.

[52] P.I. Patil, R.G. Tated, International Conference in Computational Intelligence (ICCIA), 2012, pp. 10-29.

[53] O. P. Tenduwe, P.K. Sahu, P. L. Khunte, N. Kumar, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications. Vol. 5, Issue 4, Part -6, April 2015, pp.137-142.

[54] Y. Chen, Y. Li, X. Zhou, F. Tan, Y. Jiang, Materials Research Express, 8, 2021, pp. 1-8.

Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 11
02
Received 12/03/2025
Accepted 26/03/2025
Published 25/04/2025
Publication Time 44 Days
115

[first_name] [last_name]

My IP

PlumX Metrics