Unraveling Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction in Lithium-Substituted Rubidium Tetra Titanates via Dielectric Spectroscopy and EPR Analysis

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Year : 2025 | Volume : 14 | 02 | Page : –
    By

    Dr. Shahanshah Haider Abdi,

  • Dharmendra Kumar Dwivedee,

  • Dharmendra Pal,

  1. Professor, Department of Physics, Maharishi University of In- formation Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
  2. Senior Faculty, Department of Physics, St. Fidelis College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

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Lithium-substituted Rubidium Tetra Titanates with varying concentrations of lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) — specifically 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 molar percentages — were successfully synthesized using a conventional high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The resulting compounds follow the general chemical formula Rb₂₋ₓLiₓTi₄O₉. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that lithium ions were successfully incorporated into the crystal lattice without disrupting the fundamental layered structure of the host material. The crystal system remained monoclinic across all compositions (x = 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1), indicating structural stability even after lithium substitution. Further characterization of the samples was carried out using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and dielectric measurements in the high-temperature range of 373–798 K, within a frequency range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. The EPR spectra provided evidence for the partial reduction of Ti⁴⁺ ions to Ti³⁺, which suggests the presence of mixed valence states possibly contributing to the electrical conduction process. Dielectric and AC conductivity measurements revealed that lithium ions are primarily accommodated in the interlayer spaces traditionally occupied by rubidium ions, which subtly modifies the electrical properties. The temperature-dependent AC conductivity data, when plotted as ln(σT) versus 1000/T, revealed three distinct conduction regions. These regions are indicative of multiple conduction mechanisms operating over different temperature ranges. It was observed that these mechanisms are strongly dependent on the concentration of lithium, as well as the applied frequency and temperature. The conduction process appears to be dominated by thermally activated hopping at lower temperatures and grain boundary contributions at higher temperatures.

Keywords: Lithium Substitution, Rubidium Tetra Titanates, Solid-State Reaction, Dielectric Properties, AC Conductivity Mechanism.

How to cite this article:
Dr. Shahanshah Haider Abdi, Dharmendra Kumar Dwivedee, Dharmendra Pal. Unraveling Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction in Lithium-Substituted Rubidium Tetra Titanates via Dielectric Spectroscopy and EPR Analysis. Research & Reviews : Journal of Physics. 2025; 14(02):-.
How to cite this URL:
Dr. Shahanshah Haider Abdi, Dharmendra Kumar Dwivedee, Dharmendra Pal. Unraveling Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction in Lithium-Substituted Rubidium Tetra Titanates via Dielectric Spectroscopy and EPR Analysis. Research & Reviews : Journal of Physics. 2025; 14(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjophy/article=2025/view=0


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Ahead of Print Subscription Original Research
Volume 14
02
Received 05/06/2025
Accepted 09/06/2025
Published 09/06/2025
Publication Time 4 Days
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