Tackling Water Hardness: Understanding the Issue for Sustainable Development

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2025 | Volume : 12 | 03 | Page : –
    By

    Nupur Jain,

  • Prayatna Gupta,

  • Pulkit Vijayvargiya,

  • Yuvraj Saini,

  1. Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Chemistry, Poornima Institute of Engineering & Technology (PIET), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  2. Student, Department of Applied Science Engineering, Poornima Institute of Engineering & Technology (PIET), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  3. Student, Department of Applied Science Engineering, Poornima Institute of Engineering & Technology (PIET), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  4. Student, Department of Applied Science Engineering, Poornima Institute of Engineering & Technology (PIET), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract

document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_abs_191320’);});Edit Abstract & Keyword

Hard water poses a serious threat to human health and industrial operations. The pervasiveness of water hardness, characterized by elevated concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions, originates from seepage and runoff from soils, as well as polyvalent metallic ions from sedimentary rocks. These minerals, while essential in moderate amounts, can become problematic when consumed in excess. Epidemiological studies have established correlations between excessive consumption of calcium and magnesium and increased risks of coronary artery disease, insulin resistance, colorectal cancer, hypertension, stroke, osteoporosis, and nephrolithiasis. Moreover, magnesium deficiency has been implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension, as evidenced by numerous experimental studies demonstrating a negative relationship between serum magnesium levels and blood pressure. This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of water hardness in various samples collected from the Sitapura Industrial area of Jaipur using the EDTA titration method. Our findings reveal alarmingly high water hardness levels throughout the region, significantly exceeding the WHO permissible limits, thus highlighting an urgent need for intervention strategies.

Keywords: Water hardness, Human Health, Diseases, EDTA titration, Magnesium and Calcium Contamination

How to cite this article:
Nupur Jain, Prayatna Gupta, Pulkit Vijayvargiya, Yuvraj Saini. Tackling Water Hardness: Understanding the Issue for Sustainable Development. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2025; 12(03):-.
How to cite this URL:
Nupur Jain, Prayatna Gupta, Pulkit Vijayvargiya, Yuvraj Saini. Tackling Water Hardness: Understanding the Issue for Sustainable Development. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2025; 12(03):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jowppr/article=2025/view=0


document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_ref_191320’);});Edit

References

  1. Sharma P. Groundwater quality in some villages of rajasthan (India): focused on fluoride. Journal of Environmental Researh and Development. 2007 Apr;1(4):383-91.
  2. Vikas C, Kushwaha RK, Pandit MK. Hydrochemical status of groundwater in district Ajmer (NW India) with reference to fluoride distribution. Journal of the Geological Society of India. 2009 Jun;73:773-84.
  3. Mudgal KD, Kumari M, Sharma DK, dev Mudgal K, Kumari M. Hydrochemical analysis of drinking water quality of Alwar district, Rajasthan. Nat Sci. 2009;7(2):30-9.
  4. Yadav RN, Dagar NK, Yadav R, Gupta P. Assessment of ground water quality of adjoining area of the Bhiwari industrial area (Alwar), Rajasthan.
  5. Harris DC. 2010. Quantitative Chemical Analysis; 8th Edition;Chapter 11; 7th Edition: Chapter 12.
  6. APHA (1985): Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, American Water works Association, Water Pollution Control federation, Washington D .C. 16thedition.
  7. Hem, J. D. (1970): Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (2d ed.) U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1473, 363 p.
  8. Rupali et al. “Groundwater Quality of District, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India”SKIT Reasearch Journal, Volume 9, Issue 2 ,2019 .
  9. Jain N, Kumar S, Lata R, Singh RK, Ahmad S, Kumar S. Ground water quality assesment of Jaipur City, Rajasthan (India). Environ. Health. 1990;44(3):247-57.
  10. Aditi et al. “Determination of the hardness of drinking packaged water of Kalyani area, West Bengal”, Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Volume 4, Issue 2 Page no. 203-206, 2018.
  11. Anurika M, Nupur J, Rakesh D. Revisiting Fluoride Assay of Groundwater of Sanganer Tehsil, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development. 2015;11(11):1-6.
  12. World Health Organization, “Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality,” 4th ed., incorporating the 1st addendum, Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.
  13. K. Singh et al., “Impact of water hardness on urinary stone formation: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2020.
  14. Kumar, A., Sharma, R., & Patel, M. (2024). “Advanced water treatment technologies for industrial water hardness mitigation: A comprehensive review of emerging solutions.” Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, 41(3), 156-172.
  15. Rajput, S., Gupta, N., & Singh, P. (2025). “Health implications of chronic exposure to hard water in arid regions: A longitudinal study from Rajasthan, India.” Environmental Health Perspectives, 133(2), 45-58.
Ahead of Print Subscription Original Research
Volume 12
03
Received 08/05/2025
Accepted 16/05/2025
Published 03/06/2025
Publication Time 26 Days
29

[last_name]

My IP

PlumX Metrics