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Reetika Debroy,
Muskan Jain,
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida-201309, Uttar Pradesh,, India
- Student, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida-201309, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and has been responsible for over one billion deaths worldwide over the past two centuries, remaining a major global health challenge despite advances in diagnosis and treatment. The barriers that make tuberculosis difficult to treat and eliminate are inextricably tied to its intracellular habitat. However, a research gap lies in understanding the molecular mechanisms of its survival and host cellular defense against the pathogen. Thus, it is relevant to understand the insights related to the interactions between Mtb effectors and macrophages, the first interacting host cells. In the present review, we highlighted the interactions between Mtb effectors and macrophages. We additionally explored and discussed how Mtb manipulates the defense mechanisms of macrophages to survive and the ability of macrophages to govern and destroy Mtb. The biological processes illustrated in the review explain the control and elimination of Mtb through a variety of mechanisms, including autophagy, apoptosis, inflammasome stimulation, ncRNA activity, phagosomal pH imbalances, and the production of antimicrobial chemicals. However, these difficult conditions reveal Mtb’s limitations in its capacity to manage and make use of them for survival. The discrepancy in Mtb-macrophage crosstalk, where macrophages fail to successfully manage Mtb infection, supported by the expanding discovery of Mtb egress mechanisms, should be the key problem in TB control. These insights offer important clues related to the pathways and events providing information essential for TB diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, macrophages, Mtb effectors, Mtb- macrophages interaction
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International Journal of Pathogens
| Volume | 03 | |
| 02 | ||
| Received | 24/06/2026 | |
| Accepted | 02/07/2026 | |
| Published | 20/07/2026 | |
| Publication Time | 26 Days |