Bibhuti Bhusan Nayak,
Md Sahariar Hossain,
Tejash Gupta,
- Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, South Sikkim, Ravangla, Sikkim, India
- Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology, South Sikkim, Ravangla, Sikkim, India
- Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology, South Sikkim, Ravangla, Sikkim, India
Abstract
The rapid expansion of the automobile sector in developing nations has intensified road safety
concerns, particularly in congested urban environments where human error accounts for
approximately 90% of all accidents. This paper presents and experimentally validates an integrated
Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) for electric vehicles comprising three complementary
safety modules: a Forward Collision Avoidance System (FCAS) employing an HC-SR04 ultrasonic
sensor interfaced with an Arduino Uno R3 to detect frontal obstacles within 50 cm and trigger
automatic braking via an L298N motor driver; a Blind Spot Detection (BSD) system using three
directional ultrasonic sensors with colour-coded LED alerts for lateral and rear blind zones; and a
Driver Drowsiness Detection (DDD) system implemented on a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B using real-time
computer vision, monitoring the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR), Mouth Opening Ratio (MOR), and Nose
Length Ratio (NLR) via the Dlib 68-point facial landmark model. Experimental results confirm reliable
real-time operation of each module. The FCAS successfully engaged braking upon obstacle detection;
the BSD system accurately identified directional blind-spot intrusions; and the DDD algorithm
correctly classified four driver states: Active, Drowsy, Sleeping, and Head Bending with consistent
accuracy across all test subjects. The proposed system is cost-effective (approximately USD 25 for
hardware), modular, and scalable, providing a practical safety upgrade for commuter-segment vehicles
currently underserved by commercial ADAS solutions.
Keywords: Electric vehicle safety; ADAS technology; automatic braking system; blind spot detection; driver drowsiness detection; ultrasonic sensor; eye aspect ratio; facial landmark detection
[This article belongs to Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications ]
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Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications
| Volume | 13 | |
| Issue | 02 | |
| Received | 17/07/2026 | |
| Accepted | 24/07/2026 | |
| Published | 18/08/2026 | |
| Publication Time | 32 Days |