Digital Twins in Human Anatomy and Physiology Education: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Year : 2026 | Volume : 16 | 03 | Page :
By

Kalyani M. Sadarao,

Prajakta S. Nagarale,

Nikhil R. Salunkhe,

Misbah Y. Shah,

Mayuri P. Mali,

Nikhil M. Patil,

Ghanshyam M. Chavan,

  1. Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, SVS’s Dadasaheb Rawal Pharmacy College, Mandal-Dondaicha, Maharashtra, India
  2. Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, SVS’s Dadasaheb Rawal Pharmacy College, Mandal-Dondaicha, Maharashtra, India
  3. Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, SVS’s Dadasaheb Rawal Pharmacy College, Mandal-Dondaicha, Maharashtra, India
  4. Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, SVS’s Dadasaheb Rawal Pharmacy College, Mandal-Dondaicha, Maharashtra, India
  5. Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, SVS’s Dadasaheb Rawal Pharmacy College, Mandal-Dondaicha, Maharashtra, India
  6. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, SVS’s Dadasaheb Rawal Pharmacy College, Mandal-Dondaicha, Maharashtra, India
  7. Principal, Department of Pharmacy, SVS’s Dadasaheb Rawal Pharmacy College, Mandal-Dondaicha, Maharashtra, India

Abstract

Digital Twin (DT) technology has emerged as a promising innovation in healthcare by creating dynamic virtual representations of physical systems through the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), computational modeling, real-time data, and advanced visualization technologies. Although DTs have been widely investigated in precision medicine and clinical decision-making, their application in Human Anatomy and Physiology (HAP) education remains in its early stages. This review aims to examine the current status, educational applications, challenges, and future prospects of Digital Twin technology in HAP education, with particular emphasis on pharmacy education. A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted to synthesize evidence on Digital Twin technologies, educational applications, and enabling digital innovations. Current findings indicate that DTs can enhance anatomy and physiology education by providing interactive three-dimensional visualization, real-time simulation of physiological processes, virtual laboratories, and personalized learning experiences. These technologies improve conceptual understanding, spatial visualization, learner engagement, knowledge retention, and clinical reasoning while supporting competency-based and self-directed learning. Applications across cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, renal, endocrine, and whole-body physiology demonstrate considerable potential for bridging theoretical knowledge with clinical practice. However, widespread implementation remains limited by high development costs, technical complexity, infrastructure requirements, interoperability challenges, limited educational validation, and concerns regarding data privacy and cybersecurity. Future integration of DTs with AI, machine learning, augmented reality, virtual reality, cloud computing, wearable technologies, and learning analytics is expected to create adaptive and immersive educational environments. Overall, Digital Twin technology has the potential to transform Human Anatomy and Physiology education by promoting interactive, learner-centered, and clinically relevant teaching, thereby preparing future pharmacy graduates for the rapidly evolving landscape of digital healthcare and precision medicine.

Keywords: Digital Twin; Human Anatomy and Physiology; Pharmacy Education; Artificial Intelligence; Medical Education; Virtual Simulation; Precision Medicine

How to cite this article: Kalyani M. Sadarao, Prajakta S. Nagarale, Nikhil R. Salunkhe, Misbah Y. Shah, Mayuri P. Mali, Nikhil M. Patil, Ghanshyam M. Chavan. Digital Twins in Human Anatomy and Physiology Education: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2026; 16(03):-.
How to cite this URL: Kalyani M. Sadarao, Prajakta S. Nagarale, Nikhil R. Salunkhe, Misbah Y. Shah, Mayuri P. Mali, Nikhil M. Patil, Ghanshyam M. Chavan. Digital Twins in Human Anatomy and Physiology Education: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2026; 16(03):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjop/article=2026/view=253132

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Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 16
03
Received 20/07/2026
Accepted 05/08/2026
Published 23/08/2026
Publication Time 34 Days

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