Holographic Beam Switching and Intelligent Routing for Terahertz Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2026 | Volume : 13 | 02 | Page :
By

Bibhu Prasad Ganthia,

Subash Ranjan Kabat,

  1. Asssistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang, Dhenkanal, Odisha, India
  2. Professor and Principal, Department of Electrical Engineering, Radhakrishna Institute of Technology and Engineering, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Abstract

The rapid evolution of sixth-generation (6G) and beyond communication technologies necessitates highly adaptive, ultra-high-capacity, and low-latency networking frameworks capable of supporting global connectivity across terrestrial and non-terrestrial domains. This study proposes a novel holographic beam switching and intelligent routing framework for terahertz (THz) Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGINs). The proposed architecture leverages holographic beamforming techniques to dynamically manipulate electromagnetic wavefronts, enabling precise beam steering, reduced interference, and enhanced spectral efficiency in THz communication environments. An intelligent routing engine based on machine learning continuously analyzes network conditions, link quality, node mobility, atmospheric attenuation, and traffic demands to determine optimal communication paths among satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles, high-altitude platforms, and terrestrial base stations. The integration of holographic beam switching with adaptive routing improves network resilience, minimizes handover delays, and enhances end-to-end throughput under highly dynamic operating conditions. Simulation results are expected to demonstrate significant improvements in latency reduction, energy efficiency, routing reliability, and coverage continuity compared with conventional beamforming and routing approaches. Additionally, thorough performance assessment in a variety of mobility situations verifies scalability, resilience, fault tolerance, smooth interoperability, and dependable quality-of- service provisioning capabilities. The proposed framework offers a promising solution for future global broadband communications, autonomous transportation systems, and mission-critical applications in beyond-6G ecosystems.

Keywords: Holographic Beam Switching; Terahertz Communication; Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks; Intelligent Routing; Beyond 6G Networks

How to cite this article: Bibhu Prasad Ganthia, Subash Ranjan Kabat. Holographic Beam Switching and Intelligent Routing for Terahertz Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks. Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks. 2026; 13(02):-.
How to cite this URL: Bibhu Prasad Ganthia, Subash Ranjan Kabat. Holographic Beam Switching and Intelligent Routing for Terahertz Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks. Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks. 2026; 13(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jotssn/article=2026/view=251343

References

  1. Yuan Y, Yu JL, Pan Y, Zheng S. Low-resolution phase shifter-based hybrid precoding for mmWave massive MIMO. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2024 Nov 5;2024(1):85.
  2. Zeng J, Liao B. Transmit and receive hybrid beamforming design for OFDM dual-function radar- communication systems. EURASIP journal on advances in signal processing. 2023 Mar 20;2023(1):37.
  3. Maeng SJ, Yapici Y, Güvenç I, Dai H, Bhuyan A. Hybrid precoding for mmWave massive MIMO with one-bit DAC. IEEE Communications Letters. 2020 Aug 10;24(12):2941-5.
  4. Morsali A, Haghighat A, Champagne B. Deep learning-based hybrid analog-digital signal processing in mmWave massive-MIMO systems. IEEE Access. 2022 Jul 5;10:72348-62.
  5. Kassam J, Miri M, Magueta R, Castanheira D, Pedrosa P, Silva A, Dinis R, Gameiro A. Two-step multiuser equalization for hybrid mmwave massive mimo gfdm systems. Electronics. 2020 Jul 29;9(8):1220.
  6. Xie H, Wang Y, Gao Z, Ganthia BP, Truong CV. Research on frequency parameter detection of frequency shifted track circuit based on nonlinear algorithm. Nonlinear Engineering. 2021 Jan 1;10(1):592-9.
  7. Gu J, Wang W, Yin R, Truong CV, Ganthia BP. Complex circuit simulation and nonlinear characteristics analysis of GaN power switching device. Nonlinear Engineering. 2021 Jan 1;10(1):555- 62.
  8. Rubavathy SJ, Venkatasubramanian R, Kumar MM, Ganthia BP, Kumar JS, Hemachandu P, Ramkumar MS. Smart grid based multiagent system in transmission sector. In2021 Third International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA) 2021 Sep 2 (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
  9. Zheng W, Mehbodniya A, Neware R, Wawale SG, Ganthia BP, Shabaz M. Modular unmanned aerial vehicle platform design: Multi-objective evolutionary system method. Computers and Electrical Engineering. 2022 Apr 1;99:107838.
  10. Peddakapu K, Mohamed MR, Srinivasarao P, Veerendra AS, Kishore DJ, Leung PK. Review on automatic generation control strategies for stabilising the frequency deviations in multi-area power system. International Journal of Ambient Energy. 2022 Dec 31;43(1):5571-94.
  11. Guo S, Li X, Guo Z, Zhao X, Meng S, Li Z. Polarization-independent optoelectronic modulator based on graphene ridge structure. Nanomaterials. 2021 Sep 29;11(10):2559.
  12. Deng X, Li Z, Cao F, Hong E, Fang X. Woven fibrous photodetectors for scalable UV optical communication device. Advanced Functional Materials. 2023 Jun;33(23):2213334.
  13. Guo FH, Hao LZ, Yu WZ, Li SQ, Liu GC, Hao JY, Liu YJ. High‐performance Si/VO2‐nanorod heterojunction photodetector based on photothermoelectric effect for detecting human radiation. Rare Metals. 2024 Mar;43(3):1177-85.
  14. Pellis S. Golden Fractals in Fluid Dynamics and Turbulence. Available at SSRN 5543579. 2025 Sep 28.
  15. Sharma BP, Peelam MS, Gupta A, Shekhar C, Chamola V. A comprehensive survey on data converters for iot applications: Scope, issues and future directions. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2025 Mar 20.
  16. Almalaisi TA, Abdul Wahab NI, Zaynal HI, Hassan MK, Majdi HS, Radhi AD, Solke N, Sekhar R. Optimization of Harmonic Elimination in PV-Fed Asymmetric Multilevel Inverters Using Evolutionary Algorithms. International Journal of Robotics & Control Systems. 2025 Apr 1;5(2):902.
  17. Sahoo LK, Mahanta S, Kumar S, Kaliappan S, Ganthia BP. Fast Transient Detection and Power Quality Improvement in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems Using Spiking Neural Networks. In2026 International Conference on Electrical and Electronics for Sustainable Innovations (ICEESI) 2026 Mar 27 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
  18. Mahanta S, Sahoo LK, Balaraju V, Kaliappan S, Ganthia BP. Design and Performance Analysis of a Distributed Modular Active Power Filter Network for Power Quality Improvement in PV System. In2026 International Conference on Electrical and Electronics for Sustainable Innovations (ICEESI) 2026 Mar 27 (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
  19. Ganthia BP, Barik SK, Nayak B, Priyadarshi N, Padmanaban S, Hiran KK, Holm-Nielson JB, Bansal RC. 2 Power control of modified type III DFIG-based wind turbine system using four-mode type I fuzzy logic controller. Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things for Renewable Energy Systems. 2021 Nov 22;12:41.
Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 13
02
Received 14/07/2026
Accepted 16/07/2026
Published 31/07/2026
Publication Time 17 Days

Login

My IP

PlumX Metrics