Md. Emran Hossain,
- Professor, Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram-4225, India
Abstract
The tropics are home to diverse and underutilized feed resources that hold significant potential to enhance dairy productivity and sustainability. However, many of these alternative feeds remain neglected in conventional dairy farming systems. This study explores the untapped potential of neglected tropical dairy feeds, emphasizing their nutritional value, availability, and implications for sustainable dairy development. By focusing on unconventional feedstuffs such as agro-industrial by-products, wild forages, aquatic plants, and leguminous species, this paper aims to highlight the diverse options available to supplement or replace conventional feed resources like grasses, silages, and commercial concentrates. The study also delves into the nutritional composition, including protein, fiber, and mineral content, of these neglected feeds, assessing their suitability for dairy cattle under tropical conditions. Additionally, the research discusses the environmental and economic benefits of incorporating these alternative resources, such as reducing feed costs and minimizing dependence on imported feeds, while promoting a more sustainable agricultural system. The findings suggest that integrating neglected tropical dairy feeds into conventional feeding strategies can contribute to improving livestock health, performance, and overall productivity. This study provides valuable insights into sustainable dairy farming practices, offering a roadmap for harnessing the full potential of available feed resources in the tropics for improved dairy development.
Keywords: Agro-industrial by-products, alternative feeds, environmental sustainability, feed resources, nutrition, sustainable dairy development, tropical forages
Md. Emran Hossain. Neglected Tropical Dairy Feeds: Alternative Cost-effective Feed Resources for Sustainable Dairy Development. Research & Reviews : Journal of Botany. 2026; 15(03):-.
Md. Emran Hossain. Neglected Tropical Dairy Feeds: Alternative Cost-effective Feed Resources for Sustainable Dairy Development. Research & Reviews : Journal of Botany. 2026; 15(03):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjob/article=2026/view=249707
References
- J. Wales and E. S. Kolver, “Challenges of feeding dairy cows in Australia and New Zealand,” Anim. Prod. Sci., vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 1366–1383, 2017.
- Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau et al., “Alternative and novel feeds for ruminants: nutritive value, product quality and environmental aspects,” Animal, vol. 12, no. s2, pp. s295–s309, 2018.
- Chisoro, I. F. Jaja, and N. Assan, “Incorporation of local novel feed resources in livestock feed for sustainable food security and circular economy in Africa,” Front. Sustain., vol. 4, p. 1251179, 2023, doi: 10.3389/frsus.2023.1251179.
- Gebeyew, “Review on the Nutritive Value of Some Selected Acacia Species for Livestock Production in Dryland Areas,” Adv. Dairy Res., vol. 03, no. 02, 2015, doi: 10.4172/2329-888x.1000139.
- Lata and B. C. Mondal, “Uses of tree leaves as alternative feed resources for ruminant animals,” J. Entomol. Zool. Stud., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 2239–2247, 2021.
- Altamirano-Gutiérrez et al., “Bamboo forage in Peruvian Amazon: a potential feed for cattle,” Trop. Anim. Health Prod., vol. 55, no. 5, p. 288, 2023.
- K. Tuwei, J. N. N. Kang’Ara, I. Mueller-Harvey, J. Poole, F. K. Ngugi, and J. L. Stewart, “Factors affecting biomass production and nutritive value of Calliandra calothyrsus leaf as fodder for ruminants,” J. Agric. Sci., vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 113–127, 2003.
- W. Mwangi et al., “Effect of incremental proportions of Desmanthus spp. in isonitrogenous forage diets on growth performance, rumen fermentation and plasma metabolites of pen-fed growing Brahman, Charbray and Droughtmaster crossbred beef steers,” PLoS One, vol. 17, no. 1, p. e0260918, 2022.
- Kassa, Y. Tadele, and Y. Mekasha, “Ficus sycomorus (Sycamore Fig or Shola) leaf, a potential source of protein for ruminants: a review,” J Fish. Livest Prod, vol. 3, no. 152, p. 2, 2015.
- Cherdthong, “An overview of alternative protein sources for ruminants in the tropical area,” Ann. Anim. Sci., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 103–118, 2025.
- W. Mathison, Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture, vol. 68, no. 3–4. Cab International Wallingford, 1997. doi: 10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00023-0.
- Valdivié and Y. Martínez, “Hibiscus rosa-sinensis forage as a potential feed for animals: a review,” Animals, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 288, 2022.
- Gunun et al., “The effect of indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.) waste on growth performance, digestibility, rumen fermentation, hematology and immune response in growing beef cattle,” Animals, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 84, 2022.
- De Angelis, L. Gasco, G. Parisi, and P. P. Danieli, “A multipurpose leguminous plant for the mediterranean countries: Leucaena leucocephala as an alternative protein source: A review,” Animals, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 2230, 2021.
- Brar et al., “The impact of Moringa oleifera leaf supplementation on human and animal nutrition, growth, and milk production: A systematic review,” Phyther. Res., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1600–1615, 2022.
- M. Mwai, A. M. Kingori, and M. K. Ambula, “Mulberry leaves as a feed source for livestock in Kenya: A Review,” Int. J. Agric. Res. Innov. Technol., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1–9, 2021.
- Nambi-Kasozi, E. N. Sabiiti, F. B. Bareeb, and E. Sporndly, “Effect of feeding varying levels of banana peelings supplemented with maize bran, cotton seed cake and Gliricidia sepium on the performance of lactating dairy cows,” African J. Agric. Res., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 720–727, 2014.
- F. B. Otalora, “Coffee pulp preservation and extraction process,” Sep. 2015, Google Patents.
- D. Vernlund, B. Harris Jr, H. H. Van Horn, and C. J. Wilcox, “Effect of Masonex and forms of cottonseed hulls on dairy cows,” J. Dairy Sci., vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 2037–2043, 1980.
- Prusty, M. K. Gendley, A. K. Singh, M. Dubey, P. V. Patil, and V. K. Sharma, “Jackfruit waste and peels: Potential as livestock feed,” Indian J. Anim. Sci., vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 395–400, 2024, doi: 10.56093/ijans.v94i5.136138.
- Wachirapakorn, K. Pilachai, M. Wanapat, P. Pakdee, and A. Cherdthong, “Effect of ground corn cobs as a fiber source in total mixed ration on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition in tropical lactating crossbred Holstein cows,” Anim. Nutr., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 334–338, 2016.
- Lalramhlimi, D. Mukherjee, I. Chakraborty, N. Ghosh, A. Chattopadhyay, and R. C. Dey, “Fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock feeds,” in Fruits and Vegetable Wastes: Valorization to Bioproducts and Platform Chemicals, Springer, 2022, pp. 139–168.
- Tahir, M. I. Khan, U. Ashraf, R. D. N. Adan Ijaz, and U. Mubarik, “Industrial Application of Orange Peel Waste; A Review,” Int. J. Agric. Biosci., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 71–76, 2023, doi: 10.47278/journal.ijab/2023.046.
- A. M. Sukri et al., “Pineapple waste in animal feed: A review of nutritional potential, impact and prospects,” Ann. Anim. Sci., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 339–352, 2023.
- A. Oluodo, N. Huda, and C. F. Komilus, “Potential utilization of rubber seed meal as feed and food,” Int. J. Eng. Technol, vol. 7, pp. 64–71, 2018.
- D. Harrison, “Sugarcane‐derived animal feed,” Sugarcane‐based biofuels Bioprod., pp. 281–310, 2016.
- Madzimure, C. Musimurimwa, E. Chivandi, L. Gwiriri, and E. Mamhare, “Milk yield and quality in Guernsey cows fed cottonseed cake-based diets partially substituted with baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) seed cake,” Trop. Anim. Health Prod., vol. 43, pp. 77–82, 2011.
- E. Coppock, J. K. Lanham, and J. L. Horner, “A review of the nutritive value and utilization of whole cottonseed, cottonseed meal and associated by-products by dairy cattle,” Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 89–129, 1987.
- R. de Barros, L. M. M. Ferreira, I. Fraga, J. L. Mourão, and M. A. M. Rodrigues, “Detoxification Methods of Jatropha curcas Seed Cake and Its Potential Utilization as Animal Feed,” Fermentation, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 256, 2024.
- Sohail, M. Nauman-ul-islam, I. A. Shah, A. Raziq, S. Ullah, and A. A. Shah, “Effect of Supplementing Different Levels of Mustard Seed Cake on Milk Yield and Milk Composition of Achai Cattle,” Meat Sci. Vet. Public Heal., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2002–2005, 2017.
- Saxena, K. Ravikanth, A. Kumar, A. Gupta, B. Singh, and A. Sharma, “Purification of Azadirachta indica seed cake and its impact on nutritional and antinutritional factors,” J. Agric. Food Chem., vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 4939–4944, 2010.
- M. Abdeltawab and M. S. A. Khattab, “Utilization of palm kernel cake as a ruminant feed for animal: A review,” Asian J. Biol. Sci, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 157–164, 2018.
- Pirlo et al., “Effect of supplementing sunflower cake in dairy cow diet on milk production and composition,” Sci. e Tec. Latt. Casearia, vol. 70, no. 01, p. 27, 2020, doi: 10.36138/stlc.01.2020.04.
- S. Roy, A. Roy, P. K. Pathak, N. Mandal, S. Soren, and S. Kumar, “Effect of Azolla supplementation on milk yield and economics under farmers’ field.,” J. Crop Weed, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 77–80, 2018.
- P. Goopy and P. J. Murray, “A review on the role of duckweed in nutrient reclamation and as a source of animal feed,” Asian-australasian J. Anim. Sci., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 297–305, 2003.
- Kusumah and H. Pertiwi, “Potential of Ipomea aquatica Hay and Its Phytochemical to Improve Performance and Health Status in Ruminants,” Ecol. Environ. Conserv., vol. 28, no. 01s, pp. 4–4, 2022, doi: 10.53550/eec.2022.v28i01s.004.
- Sosa et al., “Lemna minor: Unlocking the Value of This Duckweed for the Food and Feed Industry,” Foods, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1–14, 2024, doi: 10.3390/foods13101435.
- P. Alves, S. H. Mendonça, J. L. Silva, and R. J. B. Bessa, “Nannochloropsis oceanica, a novel natural source of rumen-protected eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for ruminants,” Sci. Rep., vol. 8, no. 1, p. 10269, 2018.
- Otto and M. A. AEO, “Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira spp.): A Potential Novel Feed Source For Pasture-Based Dairy Cows,” J. Fish. Livest. Prod., vol. 05, no. 03, 2017, doi: 10.4172/2332-2608.1000253.
- T. Tham, “Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes),” Acta Univ. Agric. Sueciae, no. 2012: 90, 2012.
- A. Siddiqui, W. Elsheikh, İ. Ucak, M. Hasan, Z. C. Perlita, and B. Yudhistira, “Replacement of soy by mealworms for livestock feed – A comparative review between soy and mealworms considering environmental aspects,” Environ. Dev. Sustain., pp. 1–44, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10668-024-04874-1.
- J. Makinde and J. Makinde, “Maggot meal: A sustainable protein source for livestock production-A Review,” Adv. Life Sci. Technol., vol. 31, pp. 35–41, 2015.
- U. Sheikh et al., “Utilization of silkworm pupae meal as an alternative source of protein in the diet of livestock and poultry: A review,” J. Entomol. Zool. Stud, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1010–1016, 2018.
- Halfen et al., “Effects of yeast culture supplementation on lactation performance and rumen fermentation profile and microbial abundance in mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows,” J. Dairy Sci., vol. 104, no. 11, pp. 11580–11592, 2021.
- Lounglawan, M. Khungaew, and W. Suksombat, “Silage production from cassava peel and cassava pulp as energy source in cattle diets,” J. Anim. Vet. Adv., vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1007–1011, 2011.
- G. Jin, M. Li, W. Liu, and Y. Zhou, “Effect of including different levels of palm kernel cake to dairy cow concentrate on milk production and composition,” J. Anim. Feed Sci., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 566–570, 2007.
- A. Chavda, H. H. Savsani, K. S. Murthy, and N. K. Ribadiya, “Utilisation of poultry excreta as a ruminant feed – A review,” Agric. Rev., vol. 35, no. 2, p. 136, 2014, doi: 10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00091.9.
- J. D. Manlapig and H. Matsui, “Production and Utilization of Fermented Rice Bran as Animal Feed,” Anim. Sci. J., vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2025, doi: 10.1111/asj.70037.
- Ojediran, O. Akande, and A. Emiola, “Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Products and Byproducts: Nutrient Constituents and Nutritional Benefits in Livestock Diets,” Hayvan Bilim. ve Ürünleri Derg., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 42–62, 2024.
- A. Al-Farsi and C. Y. Lee, “Usage of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds in human health and animal feed,” in Nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention, Elsevier, 2011, pp. 447–452.
- Wadhwa, M. P. S. Bakshi, and H. P. S. Makkar, “Waste to worth: Fruit wastes and by-products as animal feed,” CAB Rev. Perspect. Agric. Vet. Sci. Nutr. Nat. Resour., vol. 10, 2015, doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR201510031.
- [52] Rudzani Prescious Makoya, “Effects of Carica papaya seed (Linn) meal on health and performance of Jersey calves,” 2018.
- Hiep, B. Q. Tuan, L. V Phuong, N. H. Son, L. V Ha, and N. X. Trach, “Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) peel as feed for ruminants in vietnam: Quantification, chemical composition and posibility to make silage,” Livest. Res. Rural Dev., vol. 32, no. 2, 2020.
- Nunoi, M. Wanapat, S. Foiklang, T. Ampapon, and B. Viennasay, “Effects of replacing rice bran with tamarind seed meal in concentrate mixture diets on the changes in ruminal ecology and feed utilization of dairy steers,” Trop. Anim. Health Prod., vol. 51, pp. 523–528, 2019.
- Agbana, J.A., A. O. Ete, M. A. Ojodomo, T. Ajala, O, and I. . Musa, “Ensiling improves the nutritive value of watermelon rinds (citrullus lanatus) for use as livestock feed,” Agric. Rural Dev, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 6468–6473, 2022.
- Ntalo, K. E. Ravhuhali, B. Moyo, O. Hawu, and N. H. Msiza, “Lantana camara: poisonous species and a potential browse species for goats in southern Africa—a review,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 751, 2022.
- K. Sawal, R. Ratan, and S. B. S. Yadav, “Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) pods as a feed resource for livestock-A review,” Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 719–725, 2004.
- S. Ribeiro et al., “Tithonia diversifolia as a supplementary feed for dairy cows,” PLoS One, vol. 11, no. 12, p. e0165751, 2016.
- F. De Oliveira et al., “Pasture traits and cattle performance in silvopastoral systems with Eucalyptus and Urochloa: Systematic review and meta-analysis,” Livest. Sci., vol. 262, p. 104973, 2022.
- Adugna, S. Ayele, and M. Addis, “Different proportions of dried Vernonia amygdalina leaves and wheat bran mixture supplementation on feed intake, digestibility and body weight change of Arsi–Bale sheep fed with natural pasture hay as basal diet,” Vet. Med. Sci., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 957–966, 2023.
- B. Abdu et al., “Effect of varying levels of Zizyphus (Zizyphus mauritiana) leaf meal inclusion in concentrate diet on performance of growing Yankasa ram lambs fed maize stover basal diet,” Iran. J. Appl. Anim. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 323–330, 2012.

Research & Reviews : Journal of Botany
| Volume | 15 | |
| 03 | ||
| Received | 15/05/2026 | |
| Accepted | 08/07/2026 | |
| Published | 09/07/2026 | |
| Publication Time | 55 Days |