Design and Implementation of a Polymer-Integrated IoT-Based Smart Intravenous Fluid Monitoring System for Patient Safety

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2026 | Volume : 14 | 02 | Page :
    By

    Sangeeta Gupta,

  • Ritambhra Katoch,

  • Manish Talwar,

  • Saurabh Kumar,

  • Tushar Kumar,

  1. Assistant Professor, Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, New Delhi, India
  2. Assistant Professor, Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, New Delhi, India
  3. Assistant Professor, Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, New Delhi, India
  4. Project Assistant, CSIR, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
  5. Design Engineer, R.K. Automation, New Delhi, India

Abstract

The intelligent healthcare systems rely more and more on the advanced materials and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to improve patient safety, patient-centeredness, timeliness of care, clinical efficiency. This paper presents a polymer-enhanced IoT enabled automatic IV Fluid Level monitoring and notification system. The novel system is based on the use of polymer-encapsulated load-cell sensors and polymer-packaged electronic modules, which allow biocompatibility, long-term stability and easy sterilisation in medical environments. Its weight-based sensing approach continuously monitors the liquid level of remaining IV fluid in bottles, and provides timely alerts wirelessly to healthcare personnel. The proposed system has been verified by experiments with great reliability and accuracy in liquid-level estimation as well as good sense-and-notify ability to avoid potential hazards including backflow, air embolism and operator errors. The integration of polymer with IoT-enable sensing illustrates the potential value of functional polymers in new generations of smart medical devices. Additionally, the system allows real-time logging of data and remote access via a cloud interface, ensuring that it can be easily integrated into hospital information systems. Due to the low power aspects and a scalable architecture, it can be rolled out in multiple wards with only minor maintenance work. The proposed system minimizes the requirement of manual supervision, and thereby reduces staff workload as well as improves patient comfort. In summary, this is a practical approach for reliable, cheap and smart infusion monitoring in contemporary healthcare environments.

 

Keywords: Polymers, IoT, Smart healthcare, Intravenous fluid monitoring, Load cell sensor, Patient safety.

How to cite this article:
Sangeeta Gupta, Ritambhra Katoch, Manish Talwar, Saurabh Kumar, Tushar Kumar. Design and Implementation of a Polymer-Integrated IoT-Based Smart Intravenous Fluid Monitoring System for Patient Safety. Journal of Polymer & Composites. 2026; 14(02):-.
How to cite this URL:
Sangeeta Gupta, Ritambhra Katoch, Manish Talwar, Saurabh Kumar, Tushar Kumar. Design and Implementation of a Polymer-Integrated IoT-Based Smart Intravenous Fluid Monitoring System for Patient Safety. Journal of Polymer & Composites. 2026; 14(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jopc/article=2026/view=239949


References

  1. World Health Organization. First WHO model list of essential in vitro diagnostics: volume 1017. World Health Organization; 2019 May 16.
  2. Ajibola, O. O. E., O. O. Sunday, and D. O. Eyehorua. “Development of automated intravenous blood infusion monitoring system using load cell sensor.” Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 22, no. 10 (2018): 1557-1561.
  3. Tang, Zhongyue, Zhimin Tao, Yiren Cao, Qiang Zhang, Weiwen Liu, and Chengxi Cao. “Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection-based sensor for liquid level measurement and application to clinical infusion monitoring.” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 367 (2024): 115073.
  4. Ahamed, N. U., M. Rahman, A. Mamun, Z. B. Md Yusof, and M. F. Rabbi. “Microcontroller based liquid level monitoring system with GSM module.” Far East Journal of Electronics and Communications 16, no. 3 (2016): 591-601.
  5. Mangrulkar, Nikhil, Sagarkumar Badhiye, Sampada Tagde, Sachin Patil, Rajsinh V. Mohite, and Sachin Chaudhary. “Smart IoT-Based System for Real-Time Monitoring and Management of Normal Saline Levels in Healthcare Facilities.” In 2024 2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Medical Sciences (ICETEMS), pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2024.
  6. Kok, Chiang Liang, Tee Hui Teo, Yit Yan Koh, Yuwei Dai, Boon Kang Ang, and Jian Ping Chai. “Development and evaluation of an IoT-driven auto-infusion system with advanced monitoring and alarm functionalities.” In 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2024.
  7. Islam, SM Riazul, Daehan Kwak, MD Humaun Kabir, Mahmud Hossain, and Kyung-Sup Kwak. “The internet of things for health care: a comprehensive survey.” IEEE access 3 (2015): 678-708.
  8. Gubbi, Jayavardhana, Rajkumar Buyya, Slaven Marusic, and Marimuthu Palaniswami. “Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.” Future generation computer systems 29, no. 7 (2013): 1645-1660.
  9. Ray, Partha Pratim. “A survey on Internet of Things architectures.” Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences 30, no. 3 (2018): 291-319.
  10. Balasundaram, A., Sidheswar Routray, A. V. Prabu, Prabhakar Krishnan, Prince Priya Malla, and Moinak Maiti. “Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart healthcare system for efficient diagnostics of health parameters of patients in emergency care.” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 10, no. 21 (2023): 18563-18570.
  11. Ratner, B. D., A. S. Hoffman, F. J. Schoen, and J. E. Lemons. “Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine Academic Press.” San Diego, CA (1996).
  12. Middleton, John C., and Arthur J. Tipton. “Synthetic biodegradable polymers as orthopedic devices.” Biomaterials 21, no. 23 (2000): 2335-2346.
  13. Maitz, Manfred F. “Applications of synthetic polymers in clinical medicine.” Biosurface and biotribology 1, no. 3 (2015): 161-176.
  14. Kim, Jayoung, Alan S. Campbell, Berta Esteban-Fernández de Ávila, and Joseph Wang. “Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring.” Nature biotechnology 37, no. 4 (2019): 389-406.
  15. Stoppa, Matteo, and Alessandro Chiolerio. “Wearable electronics and smart textiles: A critical review.” sensors 14, no. 7 (2014): 11957-11992.
  16. Someya, Takao, Zhenan Bao, and George G. Malliaras. “The rise of plastic bioelectronics.” Nature 540, no. 7633 (2016): 379-385.
  17. Rogers, John A., Takao Someya, and Yonggang Huang. “Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics.” science 327, no. 5973 (2010): 1603-1607.
  18. Chen, Min, Yujun Ma, Jeungeun Song, Chin-Feng Lai, and Bin Hu. “Smart clothing: Connecting human with clouds and big data for sustainable health monitoring.” Mobile Networks and Applications 21, no. 5 (2016): 825-845.
  19. Heikenfeld, Jajack, Andrew Jajack, Jim Rogers, Philipp Gutruf, Lei Tian, Tingrui Pan, Ruya Li, Michelle Khine, Jintae Kim, and Juanhong Wang. “Wearable sensors: modalities, challenges, and prospects.” Lab on a Chip 18, no. 2 (2018): 217-248.
  20. Manzari, S., C. Occhiuzzi, and G. Marrocco. “Feasibility of body-centric systems using passive textile RFID tags.” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 54, no. 4 (2012): 49-62.
  21. Jindal, Muskan, Nidhi Gajjar, and Nehal Patel. “IoT-Based Smart Intravenous Drip Monitoring System.” In Progress in Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering: Proceedings of ICACIE 2020, pp. 463-468. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021.
  22. Chauhan, Harsha, Vishal Verma, Deepali Gupta, and Sheifali Gupta. “IoT-based automatic intravenous fluid monitoring system for smart medical environment.” International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology 66, no. 2 (2021): 154-164.
  23. Abdulsada, Shaemaa HA, Alvaro Garcia Cruz, Chris Zaleski, Elena Piletska, and Sergey A. Piletsky. “Molecularly imprinted polymer-integrated nanozymes for biosensing: advances and prospects.” Journal of Materials Chemistry B (2025).
  24. Zhu, Yuxiang, Shenghan Guo, Dharneedar Ravichandran, Arunachalam Ramanathan, M. Taylor Sobczak, Alaina F. Sacco, Dhanush Patil et al. “3D‐Printed Polymeric Biomaterials for Health Applications.” Advanced Healthcare Materials 14, no. 1 (2025): 2402571.
  25. Karuppiah, Ganesan, Kailasanathan Chidambara Kuttalam, Murugesan Palaniappan, Carlo Santulli, and Sivasubramanian Palanisamy. “Multiobjective optimization of fabrication parameters of jute fiber/polyester composites with egg shell powder and nanoclay filler.” Molecules 25, no. 23 (2020): 5579.
  26. Santulli, Carlo, Sivasubramanian Palanisamy, and Mayandi Kalimuthu. “Pineapple fibers, their composites and applications.” In Plant Fibers, their Composites, and Applications, pp. 323-346. Woodhead Publishing, 2022.
  27. Goutham, Emani Ram Sai, Shaik Sajeed Hussain, Chandrasekar Muthukumar, Senthilkumar Krishnasamy, T. Senthil Muthu Kumar, Carlo Santulli, Sivasubramanian Palanisamy, Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai, and Naveen Jesuarockiam. “Drilling parameters and post-drilling residual tensile properties of natural-fiber-reinforced composites: A review.” Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 4 (2023): 136.
  28. Ayrilmis, Nadir, Gürdal Kanat, Esra Yildiz Avsar, Sivasubramanian Palanisamy, and Alireza Ashori. “Utilizing waste manhole covers and fibreboard as reinforcing fillers for thermoplastic composites.” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 44, no. 17-18 (2025): 1108-1118.
  29. Aruchamy, Karthik, Manickaraj Karuppusamy, Sivasankari Krishnakumar, Sivasubramanian Palanisamy, Manivannan Jayamani, Kumar Sureshkumar, Syed Kashif Ali, and Saleh A. Al-Farraj. “Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Polymer Composites Using Palmyra Palm and Coconut Sheath Fibers: The Role of Tamarind Shell Powder.” BioResources 20, no. 1 (2025).
  30. Palanisamy, Sivasubramanian, Kalimuthu Mayandi, Shanmugam Dharmalingam, Nagarajan Rajini, Carlo Santulli, Faruq Mohammad, and Hamad A. Al-Lohedan. “Tensile properties and fracture morphology of Acacia caesia bark fibers treated with different alkali concentrations.” Journal of Natural Fibers 19, no. 15 (2022): 11258-11269.
Ahead of Print Subscription Original Research
Volume 14
02
Received 28/01/2026
Accepted 02/03/2026
Published 10/04/2026
Publication Time 72 Days
30

Login


My IP

PlumX Metrics