Performance analysis of cross-slotted patch antenna for wireless system applications

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This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2026 | Volume : 13 | 01 | Page :
    By

    L. Sarika,

  • K. Lavanyai,

  • A. Mounika,

  • K.Yasashwini,

  • J.Harshitha,

  1. Assistant Professor, Department of electronics communication and engineering, GVP College of Engineering for Women, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
  2. Student, Department of electronics communication and engineering, GVP College of Engineering for Women, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
  3. Student, Department of electronics communication and engineering, GVP College of Engineering for Women, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
  4. Student, Department of electronics communication and engineering, GVP College of Engineering for Women, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
  5. Student, Department of electronics communication and engineering, GVP College of Engineering for Women, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract

A C-band cross-slotted microstrip patch antenna for ice and frost detection in wireless sensing applications. The antenna configurations with distinct cross-slot geometries are designed to investigate their influence on impedance matching, radiation characteristics, and sensing sensitivity. The antennas are modeled and analyzed using Ansys HFSS, and their dimensions are optimized using standard microstrip antenna design equations. Ice and frost accumulation on the antenna surface is identified through measurable shifts in resonant frequency, arising from variations in the surrounding effective dielectric constant. Key antenna parameters, including reflection coefficient (S₁₁), VSWR, gain, bandwidth, and far-field radiation patterns, are systematically evaluated and compared. Simulation results demonstrate good impedance matching, stable radiation performance, and clear frequency shifts under different environmental conditions. The formation of ice and frost on the antenna surface modifies the surrounding medium&  effective dielectric constant, causing quantifiable changes in the resonant frequency and important performance metrics. The main sensing mechanism for detecting environmental conditions is these frequency variations. Critical antenna metrics, including reflection coefficient (S₁₁), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, operational bandwidth, and far-field radiation patterns, are thoroughly evaluated and compared under different environmental scenarios. Strong impedance matching, steady radiation performance, and clear frequency changes corresponding to different ice and frost thicknesses are all shown by simulation findings. These results validate the suitability of the suggested cross-slotted microstrip antennas for passive detection systems functioning in cold- region applications, C-band wireless environmental monitoring, and structural health sensing. These characteristics confirm that the proposed antennas are well suited for C-band wireless environmental monitoring and passive sensing systems.

Keywords: cross-slot, ice and water detection, frequency shift sensing, wireless environmental monitoring.

How to cite this article:
L. Sarika, K. Lavanyai, A. Mounika, K.Yasashwini, J.Harshitha. Performance analysis of cross-slotted patch antenna for wireless system applications. Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks. 2026; 13(01):-.
How to cite this URL:
L. Sarika, K. Lavanyai, A. Mounika, K.Yasashwini, J.Harshitha. Performance analysis of cross-slotted patch antenna for wireless system applications. Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks. 2026; 13(01):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jotssn/article=2026/view=238746


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Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 13
01
Received 25/02/2026
Accepted 27/02/2026
Published 18/03/2026
Publication Time 21 Days
61

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